Polycystic ovary syndrome as a risk factor of vascular, metabolic and gynaecological diseases

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

A review of literature covering the role of different factors in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome for the prevalence of vascular, metabolic and gynaecological diseases in women with this morbidity. The role of insulin resistance and putative mechanisms of its impact on the general and reproductive health of women are discussed.

About the authors

N. A. Belyakov

Medical Academy of Postgraduate Studies

Author for correspondence.
Email: shabanov@mail.rcom.ru

Член-корреспондент РАМН

Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 193015

S. Yu. Tchoubrieva

Medical Academy of Postgraduate Studies

Email: shabanov@mail.rcom.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 193015

N. V. Gloukhov

Medical Academy of Postgraduate Studies

Email: shabanov@mail.rcom.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 193015

References

  1. Анциферов М. Б., Григорян О. Р., Чернова Т. О. Возможности применения препарата Сиофор (метформина гидрохлорида) у женщин с синдромом поликистозных яичников и избыточной массой тела // Пробл. репрод. 2001. Т. 7. № 2. С. 49-55.
  2. Беляков Н. А., Чубриева С. Ю., Глухов Н. В. Инсулинорезистентность и синдром поликистозных яичников. Часть I. Исторические данные, распространенность, терминология и классификация, клеточные и молекулярные механизмы, клинические признаки и диагностические критерии // Эфферентная терапия. 2002. Т. 8. № 2. С. 3-11.
  3. Беляков Н. А., Чубриева С. Ю., Глухов Н. В. Инсулинорезистентность и синдром поликистозных яичников. Часть II. Патогенез, роль гиперинсулинемии и гиперандрогенемии, генетическая взаимосвязь // Эфферентная терапия. 2002. Т. 8. № 3. С. 16-29.
  4. Геворкян М. А., Манухин И. Б., Кушлинский Н. Е., Кухаркина О. Б. Метаболические нарушения у больных с синдромом поликистозных яичников // Пробл. репрод. 2000. Т. 6. № 6. С. 38-42.
  5. Назаренко Г А., Дуринян Э. Р, Чечурова Т. Н. Здоровье женщин с нарушениями овуляции // Пробл. репрод. 1999. Т. 5. № 2. С. 48-51.
  6. Овсянникова Т. В., Демидова И. Ю., Фанченко Н. Д. и др. Метаболические нарушения у пациенток с хронической ановуляцией и гиперандрогенией // Пробл. репрод. 1999. Т. 5. № 2. С. 34-37.
  7. Amowitz L. L., Sobel В. Е. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Cardiovascular consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome // Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North. Am. 1999. Vol. 28. № 2. P. 439-158.
  8. Andersen P., Seljeflot I., Abdelnoor M. et al. Increased insulin sensitivity and fibrinolytic capacity after dietary intervention in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome // Metabolism. 1995. Vol. 44. P. 611-616.
  9. Anderson К. E., Sellers T. A., Chen P-L. et al. Association of Stein-Leventhal syndrome with the incidence of postmenopausal breast carcinoma in a large prospective study of women in Iowa // Cancer. 1997. Vol. 79. P. 494-499.
  10. Arslanian S. A., Lewy V. D., Danadian K. Glucose intolerance in obese adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome: roles of insulin resistance and в-cell dysfunction and risk of cardiovascular disease // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001. Vol. 86. № 1. P. 66-71.
  11. Atiomo W. U., Condon J., Adekanmi O. et al. Are women with polycystic ovary syndrome resistant to activated protein C? // Fertil. Steril. 2000. Vol. 74. № 6. P. 1229-1232.
  12. Atiomo W.U., Fox R., Condon J. E. et al. Raised plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is not an independent risk factor in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) // Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.). 2000. Vol. 52. № 4. P. 487-492.
  13. Balletshofer В. M., Rittig K., Volk A. et al. Impaired non-esterified fatty acid suppression is associated with endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistant subjects // Horm. Metab. Res. 2001. Vol. 33. P. 428-431.
  14. Barrett-Conner E., Goodman-Gruen D. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate does not predict cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women // Circulation. 1995. Vol. 91. P. 1757.
  15. Battilana P., Seematter G., Schneiter Ph. et al. Effects of free fatty acids on insulin sensitivity and hemodynamics during mental stress // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001. Vol. 86. № 1. P. 124-128.
  16. Birdsall M. A., Farquhar С. M., White H. D. Association between polycystic ovaries and extent of coronary artery disease in women having cardiac catheterization // Ann. Intern. Med. 1997. Vol. 126. P. 32-35.
  17. Brussaard H. E., Gevers-Leuven J. A., Frolich M. et al. Short-term oestrogen replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, lipids and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women with NIDDM // Diabetologia. 1997. Vol. 40. P. 843—849.
  18. Burghen G. A., Givens J. R., Kitabchi A. E. Correlation of hyperandrogenism with hyperinsulinism in polycystic ovarian disease // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1980. Vol. 50. P. 113-116.
  19. Chamlian D. L., Taylor H. B. Endometrial hyperplasia in young women // Obstet. Gynecol. 1970. Vol. 36. P. 659-665.
  20. Christian R. C., Behrenbeck T., Fitzpatrick L. A. Clinical hyperandrogenism and body mass index predict coronary calcification in premenopausal women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) // Endocr. Soc. Abs. 2000. P. 400.
  21. Cibula D., Cifkova R., Fanta M. et al. Increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease in perimenopausal women with a history of the polycystic ovary syndrome // Hum. Reprod. 2000. Vol. 15. № 4. P. 785-789.
  22. Clifford K., Rai R., Watson H. et al. Does suppressing luteinizing hormone secretion reduce the miscarriage rate? Results of a randomized controlled trial // BMJ. 1996. Vol. 312. P. 1508-1511.
  23. Colilla S., Cox N. J., Ehrmann D. A. Heritability of insulin secretion and insulin action in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and their firstdegree relatives // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001. Vol. 86. № 5. P. 2027-2031.
  24. Conn J. J., Jacobs H. S., Conway G. S. The prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus // Clin. Endocrinol. 2000. Vol. 52. P. 81-86.
  25. Conway G. S., Agrawal R., Betteridge D. J., Jacobs H. S. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in lean and obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome // Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf. ). 1992. Vol. 37. P. 119-125.
  26. Coulam С. B., Annegers J. F., Kranz J. S. Chronic anovulation syndrome and associated neoplasia // Obstet. Gynecol. 1983. Vol. 61. P. 403-407.
  27. Dahlgren E., Friberg L.-G., Johansson S. et al. Endometrial carcinoma; ovarian dysfunction - a risk factor in young women // J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 1991. Vol. 41. P. 143-150.
  28. Dahlgren E., Janson P. O., Johansson S. et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk for myocardial infarction. Evaluated from a risk factor model based on a prospective population study of women // Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 1992. Vol. 71. № 8. P. 599-604.
  29. Dahlgren E., Janson P. O., Johansson S. et al. Hemostatic and metabolic variables in women with polycystic ovary syndrome // Fertil. Steril. 1994. Vol. 61. P. 45 5-460.
  30. Dahlgren E., Johansson S., Lindstedt G. et al. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome wedge resected in 1956 to 1965: a long-term follow-up focusing on natural history and circulating hormones // Fertil. Steril. 1992. Vol. 57. P. 505-513.
  31. Dejager S., Pichard C., Giral P. et al. Smaller LDL particle size in wcmen with polycystic ovary syndrome compared to controls // Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf. ). 2001. Vol. 54. № 4. P. 455-462.
  32. Den Tonkelaar I., de Waard F. Regularity and length of menstrual cycles in women aged 41-46 in relation to breast cancer risk: Results from the DOM-project // Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 1996. Vol. 38. P. 253-258.
  33. de Vries M. J., Dekker G. A., Schoemaker J. Higher risk of preeclampsia in the polycystic ovary syndrome. A case control study // Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 1998. Vol. 76. № l.P. 91-95.
  34. Diamanti-Kandarakis E., Spina G., Kouli C., Migdalis I. Increased endothelin-1 levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and the beneficial effect of metformin therapy // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001. Vol. 86. № 10. P. 4666-4673.
  35. Dunaif A. Hyperandrogenic anovulation (PCOS): a unique disorder of insulin action associated with an increased risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus // Am. J. Med. 1995. Vol. 98. P. 33S-39S.
  36. Dunaif A., Graf M., Mandeli J. et al. Characterization of groups of hyperandrogenic women with acanthosis nigricans, impaired glucose tolerance and/or hyperinsulinemia // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1987. Vol. 65. P. 499-507.
  37. Ehrmann D. A., Barnes R. B., Rosenfield R. L. et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome // Diabetes Care. 1999. Vol. 22. P. 141-146.
  38. Ehrmann D. E., Schneider D. J., Sobel В. E. et al. Troglitazone improves defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, ovarian steroidogenesis, and fibrinolysis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1997. Vol. 82. P. 2108-2116.
  39. Elting M. W., Korsen T. J. M., Bezemer P D., Schoemaker J. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac complaints in a followup study of a Dutch PCOS population // Hum. Reprod. 2001. Vol. 16. № 3. P. 556-560.
  40. Elting M. W., Korsen T. J. M., Rekers-Mombarg L. T. M., Schoemaker J. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome gain regular menstrual cycles when ageing // Hum. Reprod. 2000. Vol. 15. № l.P. 24-28.
  41. Elting M. W., Korsen T. J. M., Schoemaker J. Obesity, rather than menstrual cycle pattern or follicle cohort size, determines hyperinsuli- naemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension in ageing women with polycystic ovary syndrome // Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 2001. Vol. 55. № 6. P. 767-776.
  42. Festa A., D’Agostino R. J., Howard G. et al. Chronic subclinical inflammation as a part of the insulin resistance syndrome: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) // Circulation. 2000. Vol. 102. P. 42-47.
  43. Fogel R. B., Malhotra A., Pillar G. et al. Increased prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001. Vol. 86. № 3. P. 1175-1180.
  44. Fridstrom M., Nisell H., Sjoblom P. et al. Are women with polycystic ovary syndrome at an increased risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and/or preeclampsia? // Hypertens. Preg. 1999. Vol. 18. P. 73-80.
  45. Futterweit W. Pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian disease // Polycystic Ovarian Disease / New York, Springer-Verlag, 1984.
  46. Gammon M.D., Thompson W. D. Infertility and breast cancer: A population-based case control study // Am. J. Epidemiol. 1990. Vol. 132. P. 708-716.
  47. Gjonnaess H. The course and outcome of pregnancy after electrocautery in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: the influence of body weight // Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1989. Vol. 96. P. 714-719.
  48. Glueck C. J., Wang R., Fontaine R. N. et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity: an independent risk factor for the high miscarriage rate during pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome // Metabolism. 1999. Vol. 48. № 12. P. 1589-1595.
  49. Guzick D. S., Talbott E. O., Sutton-Tyrrell K. et al. Carotid atherosclerosis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: initial results from a case-control study // Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996. Vol. 174. P. 1224-1232.
  50. Helzlsouer K. J., AlbergA. J., Gordon G. B. et al. Serum gonadotropins and steroid hormones and the development of ovarian cancer // JAMA. 1995. Vol. 274. P. 1926-1930.
  51. Hollenbeck C., Reaven G. M. Variations in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in healthy individuals with normal glucose tolerance // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1987. Vol. 64. P. 1169-1173.
  52. Holte J., Bergh T., Berne C., Lithell H. Serum lipoprotein lipid profile in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: relation to anthropometric, endocrine and metabolic variables // Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 1994. Vol. 41. P. 463-471.
  53. Holte J., Gennarelli G., Berne C. et al. Elevated ambulatory day-time blood pressure in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a sign of a prehypertensive state? // Hum. Reprod. 1996. Vol. 11. P. 23-28.
  54. Holte J., Gennarelli G., Wide L. et al. High prevalence of polycystic ovaries and associated clinical, endocrine, and metabolic features in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998. Vol. 83. № 4. P. 1143-1150.
  55. Homburg R., Armar N. A., Eshel A. et al. Influence of serum luteinizing hormone concentrations on ovulation, conception, and early pregnancy loss in polycystic ovary syndrome // BMJ. 1988. Vol. 297. P. 1024-1026.
  56. Hu F. B., Willett W. C., Manson J. E. et al. Snoring and risk of cardiovascular disease in women //J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2000. Vol. 35. P. 308-313.
  57. Ibanez L., Aulesa C., Potau N. et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in girls with precocious pubarche: a premenarcheal marker for polycystic ovary syndrome? // Pediatr. Res. 2002. Vol. 51. № 2. P. 244-248.
  58. Jakubowicz D. J., Seppa I a M., Jakubowicz S. et al. Insulin reduction with metformin increases luteal phase serum glycodelin insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 concentrations and enhances uterine vascularity and blood flow in the polycystic ovary syndrome // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001. Vol. 86. № 3. P. 1126-1133.
  59. Kelly C. J. G., Lyall H., Petrie J. R. et al. Lowgrade chronic inflammation in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001. Vol. 86. № 6. P. 2453-2455.
  60. Kelly C. J. G., Lyall H., Petrie J. R. et al. A specific elevation in tissue plasminogen activator antigen in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002. Vol. 87. № 7. P. 3287-3290.
  61. Kelly C. J. G., Speirs A., Gould G. W. et al. Altered vascular function in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002. Vol. 87. № 2. P. 742-746.
  62. Kern W., Fittje A., Fohr W. et al. Increase in systolic blood pressure and catecholamine level during hyperinsulinemia in a placebo-controlled euglycemic clamp in healthy subjects // Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. 2000. Vol. 108. P. 498-505.
  63. Knochenhauer E. S., Key T. J., Kahsar-Miller M. et al. Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the Southeastern United States: a prospective study //J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998. Vol. 83. № 9. P. 3078-3082.
  64. Koivunen R. M., Juutinen J., Vauhkonen L. et al. Metabolic and steroidogenic alterations related to increased frequency of polycystic ovaries in women with a history of gestational diabetes // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001. Vol. 86. № 6. P. 2591-2599.
  65. Kousta E., Cela E., Lawrence N. J. et al. The prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with a history of gestational diabetes // Clin. Endocrinol. 2001. Vol. 53. P. 501-507.
  66. Laivuori H., Tikkanen M. J., Ylikorkala O. Hyperinsulinemia 17 years after pre-eclamptic first pregnancy // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996. Vol. 81. P. 2908-2911.
  67. Lakhani K., Constantinovici N., Purcell W. M. et al. Internal carotid artery haemodynamics in women with polycystic ovaries // Clin. Sci. 2000. Vol. 98. P. 661-665.
  68. Legro R. S., Blanche R., Krauss R. M., Lobo R. A. Alterations in atherogenic lipoproteins among hyperandrogenic women: influence of insulin and genetic factors // Program of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation. 1993. Abstract. P. 3 55-360.
  69. Legro R. S., Kunselman A. R., Dodson W., Dunaif A. Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999. Vol. 84. № 1. P. 165-169.
  70. Lemieux S., Lewis G. F., Ben-Chetrit A. et al. Correction of hyperandrogenemia by laparoscopic ovarian cautery in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome is not accompanied by improved insulin sensitivity or lipid-lipoprotein levels // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999. Vol. 84. № 11. P. 4278-4282.
  71. Lesser К. B., Garcia F. A. R. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and glucose intolerance during pregnancy // J. Maternal Fetal Med. 1997. Vol. 6. P. 303-307.
  72. Levran D., Shoham Z., Habib D. et al. Glucose intolerance in pregnant women following treatment for sterility // Int. J. Fertil. 1990. Vol. 35. P. 157-159.
  73. Lieberman E. H., Gerhard M. D., Uehata A. et al. Estrogen improves endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women // Ann. Intern. Med. 1994. Vol. 121. P. 936-941.
  74. Loucks T. L., Talbott E. O., McHugh К. R. et al. Do polycystic-appearing ovaries affect the risk of cardiovascular disease among women with polycystic ovary syndrome? // Fertil. Steril. 2000. Vol. 74. № 3. P. 547-5 52.
  75. Loverro G., Lorusso F., Mei L. et al. The plasma homocysteine levels are increased in polycystic ovary syndrome // Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 2002. Vol. 53. № 3.P. 157-162.
  76. MacMahon B. Risk factors for endometrial cancer // Gynecol. Oncol. 1974. Vol. 2. P. 122-129.
  77. Macut D., Micic D., Cvijovic G. et al. Cardiovascular risk in adolescent and young adult obese females with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) // J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001. Vol. 14. P. 1353-1359.
  78. Mather K. J., Verma S, Corenblum B., Anderson T. J. Normal endothelial function despite insulin resistance in healthy women with the polycystic ovary syndrome // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000. Vol. 85. № 5. P. 1851-1856.
  79. Mattson L. A., Cullberg G., Hamberger L. et al. Lipid metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: possible implications for an increased risk of coronary heart disease // Fertil. Steril. 1984. Vol. 42. P. 579-584.
  80. Meirow D., Schenker J. G. The link between female infertility and cancer: epidemiology and possible aetiologies // Hum. Reprod. Update. 1996. Vol. 2. P. 63-75.
  81. Mikola M., Hiilesmaa V., Halttunen M. et al. Obstetric outcome in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome // Hum. Reprod. 2001. Vol. 16. № 2. P. 226-229.
  82. Mooe T., Rabben T., Wiklund U. et al. Sleep-disordered breathing in women: occurrence and association with coronary artery disease // Am. J. Med. 1996. Vol. 101. P. 251-256.
  83. Naderali E. K., Brown M. J., Pickavance L. C. et al. Dietary obesity in the rat induces endothelial dysfunction without causing insulin resistance: a possible role for triacylglycerols // Clin. Sci. 2001. Vol. 101. P. 499-506.
  84. Niwa K., Imai A., Hashimoto M. et al. A casecontrol study of uterine endometrial cancer of pre- and post-menopausal women // Oncol. Reports. 2000. Vol. 7. P. 89-93.
  85. Norman R. J., Masters L., Milner C. R. et al. Relative risk of conversion from normoglycaemia to impaired glucose tolerance or noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus in polycystic ovarian syndrome // Hum. Reprod. 2001. Vol. 16. № 9. P. 1995-1998.
  86. Ovalle F., Azziz R. Insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus // Fertil. Steril. 2002. Vol. 77. № 6. P. 1095-1105.
  87. Palmert M. R., Gordon С. M., Kartashov A. I. et al. Screening for abnormal glucose tolerance in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002. Vol. 87. № 3. P. 1017-1023.
  88. Paradisi G., Fulghesu A. M., Ferrazzani S. et al. Endocrino-metabolic features in women with polycystic ovary syndrome during pregnancy // Hum. Reprod. 1998. Vol. 13. № 3. P. 542-546.
  89. Paradisi G., Steinberg H. O., Hempfling A. et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with endothelial dysfunction // Circulation. 2001. Vol. 103. P. 1410-1415.
  90. Peppard H. R., Iuorno M. J., Marfori J., Nestler J. E. Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome among premenopausal women with type 2 diabetes // Diabetes Care. 2001. Vol. 24. P. 1050-1052.
  91. Pierpoint T., McKeigue R M., Isaacs A. J. et al. Mortality of women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up // J. Clin. Epidemiol. 1998. Vol. 51. P. 5 81-5 86.
  92. Pirwany I. R., Fleming R., Greer L.A. et al. Lipids and lipoprotein subfractions in women with PCOS: relationship to metabolic and endocrine parameters // Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.). 2001. Vol. 54. P. 447-453.
  93. Potischman N., Hoover R. N., Brinton L. A. et al. Case-control study of endogenous steroid hormones and endometrial cancer // J. Natl. Cancer. Instit. 1996. Vol. 8 8. P. 1127-113 5.
  94. Prelevic G. M., Beljic T., Balint-Peric L., Ginsburg J. Cardiac flow velocity in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome // Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf. ). 1995. Vol. 43. P. 677-681.
  95. Robinson S., Henderson A. D., Gelding S. V. et al. Dyslipidaemia is associated with insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovaries // Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 1996. Vol. 44. № 3. P. 277-284.
  96. Robinson S., Kiddy D., Gelding S. V. et al. The relationship of insulin insensitivity to menstrual pattern in women with hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries // Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf. ). 1993. Vol. 39. P. 351-355.
  97. Rosmond R., Chagnon Y. C., Holm G. et al. Hypertension in obesity and the leptin receptor gene locus // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000. Vol. 85. № 9. P. 3126-3131.
  98. Sagle M., Bishop K., Ridley N. et al. Recurrent early miscarriage and polycystic ovaries // BMJ. 1988. Vol. 297. P. 1027-1028.
  99. Sampson M., Kong C., Patel A. et al. Ambulatory blood pressure profiles and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) activity in lean women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome // Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.). 1996. Vol. 45. P. 623-629.
  100. Schildkraut J. M., Schwingl P. J., Bastos E. et al. Epithelial ovarian cancer risk among women with polycystic ovary syndrome // Obstet. Gynecol. 1996. Vol. 88. P. 554-559.
  101. Seely E. W. Hypertension in pregnancy: a potential window into long-term cardiovascular risk in women // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999. Vol. 84. P. 1858-1861.
  102. Sobel В. E. Altered fibrinolysis and platelet function in the development of vascular complications of diabetes // Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. 1996. Vol. 3. P. 3 5 5-3 60.
  103. Solomon C. G., Carroll J. S., Okamura К. et al. Higher cholesterol and insulin levels are associated with increased risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension // Am. J. Hypertens. 1999. Vol. 12. P. 276-282.
  104. Solomon C. G., Hu F. B., Dunaif A. et al. Long or highly irregular menstrual cycles as a marker for risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus // JAMA. 2001. Vol. 286. P. 2421-2426.
  105. Solomon C. G., Seely E. W. Hypertension in pregnancy. A manifestation of the insulin resistance syndrome? // Hypertension. 2001. Vol. 37. P. 232-239.
  106. Talbott E., Clerici A., Berga S. L. et al. Adverse lipid and coronary heart disease risk profiles in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a case-control study // J. Clin. Epidemiol. 1998. Vol. 51. № 5. P. 415-422.
  107. Talbott E., Guzick D., Clerici A. et al. Coronary heart disease risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome // Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 1995. Vol. 15. P. 821-826.
  108. Talbott E., Guzick D., Sutton-Tyrrell К. et al. Evidence for association between polycystic ovary syndrome and premature carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged women // Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2000. Vol. 20. P. 2414-2421.
  109. Tiras M. B., Yalcin R., Noyan V. et al. Alterations in cardiac flow parameters in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome // Hum. Reprod. 1999. Vol. 14. № 8. P. 1949-1952.
  110. Toscano V., Bianchi P., Balducci R. et al. Lack of linear relationship between hyperinsulinaemia and hyperandrogenism // Clin. Endocrinol. 1992. Vol. 3 6. P. 197-202.
  111. Tsanadis G., Vartholomatos G., Korkontzelos I. et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome and thrombophilia // Hum. Reprod. 2002. Vol. 17. № 2. P. 314-319.
  112. Tulppala M., Stenman U., Cacciatore B., Ylikorkala O. Polycystic ovaries and levels of gonadotrophins and androgens in recurrent miscarriage: prospective study in 50 women // Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1993. Vol. 100. P. 348-3 52.
  113. Urman B., Sarac E., Dogan L., Gurgan T. Pregnancy in infertile PCOD patients: complications and outcome // J. Reprod. Med. 1997. Vol. 42. P. 501-505.
  114. Velazquez M. E., Bellabarba G. A., Mendoza S., Sanchez L. Postprandial triglyceride response in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship with waist-to-hip ratio and insulin // Fertil. Steril. 2000. Vol. 74. P. 1159-1163.
  115. Vgontzas A. N., Legro R. S., Bixler E. O. et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with obstructive sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness: role of insulin resistance // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001. Vol. 86. № 2. P. 517-520.
  116. Vrbikova J., Bicikova M., Tallova J. et al. Homocysteine and steroid levels in metformin treated women with polycystic ovary syndrome // Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. 2002. Vol. 110. P. 74-76.
  117. Wang J. X., Davies M. J., Norman R. J. Polycystic ovarian syndrome and the risk of spontaneous abortion following assisted reproductive technology treatment // Hum. Reprod. 2001. Vol. 16. № 12. P. 2606-2609.
  118. Weerakiet S., Srisombut C., Bunnag P. et al. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in Asian women with polycystic ovary syndrome // Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 2001. Vol. 75. P. 177-184.
  119. Weiderpass E., Gridley G., Persson I. et al. Risk of endometrial and breast cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus // Int. J. Cancer. 1997. Vol. 71. P. 360-363.
  120. Wenger N. K., Speroff L., Packard B. Cardiovascular health and disease in women // N. Engl. J. Med. 1993. Vol. 329. P. 247.
  121. Weyer C., Funahashi T., Tanaka S. et al. Hypo- adiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001. Vol. 86. № 5. P. 1930-193 5.
  122. Whittemore A. S., Harris R., Itnyre J. The Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group. Characteristics relating ovarian cancer risk: Collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control studies // Am. J. Epidemiol. 1992. Vol. 136. P. 1184-1203.
  123. Wild R. A. Obesity, lipids, cardiovascular risk, and androgen excess // Am. J. Med. 1995. Vol. 98. P. 27S-32S.
  124. Wild R. A., Alaupovic P., Parker I. J. Lipid and apolipoprotein abnormalities in hirsute women // Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1992. Vol. 166. P. 1191-1197.
  125. Wild R. A., Grubb B. G., Hartz A. et al. Clinical signs of androgen excess as risk factors for coronary artery disease // Fertil. Steril. 1990. Vol. 54. P. 255-259.
  126. Wild S., Pierpoint T., McKeigue P, Jacobs H. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up: a retrospective cohort study // Clin. Endocrinol. 2000. Vol. 52. P. 595-600.
  127. Wild S., Pierpoint T., Jacobs H., McKeigue P. Long-term consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a 31 year follow-up study // Hum. Fertil. (Camb). 2000. Vol. 3. №2. P. 101-105.
  128. Worts man J., de Angeles S., Futterweit W. et al. Gestational diabetes and neonatal macrosomia in the polycystic ovary syndrome // J. Reprod. Med. 1991. Vol. 36. P. 659-661.
  129. Wysowski D. K., Comstock G. W, Helsing K. J. et al. Sex hormone levels in relation to development of breast cancer // Am. J. Epidemiol. 1987. Vol. 125. P. 791-799.
  130. Yarali H, Yildirir A., Aybar F. et al. Diastolic dysfunction and increased serum homocysteine concentrations may contribute to increased cardiovascular risk in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome // Fertil. Steril. 2001. Vol. 76. № 3. P. 511-516.
  131. Yildiz B. O.,Haznedaroglu C., Kirazli E., Bayraktar M. Global fibrinolytic capacity is decreased in polycystic ovary syndrome, suggesting a prothrombotic state // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002. Vol. 87. № 8. P. 3871-3875.
  132. Yudkin J. S., Kumari M., Humphries S. E., Mohammed-Ali V. Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link? // Atherosclerosis. 2000. Vol. 148. P. 209-214.
  133. Zimmerman S., Phillips R. A., Wikenfeld C. et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome: lack of hypertension despite insulin resistance // J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1992. Vol. 75. P. 508-513.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2003 Eco-Vector


СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 74760 от 29.12.2018 г.