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State of the Russian Oncology Service: malignant neoplasms of the tongue C01, 02 (age-specific incidence rate, localization and histological structure) Part 1
- Authors: Merabishvili V.M.1, Merabishvili E.N.2, Shcherbakov A.M.1, Vasilyev A.B.3, Barsukov A.F.2, Krotov N.F.1
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Affiliations:
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
- Saint Petersburg Regional Charitable Foundation “Cancer Prevention”
- Issue: Vol 3, No 2 (2021)
- Pages: 40-47
- Section: Biomedical Sciences
- URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/PharmForm/article/view/65259
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/phf65259
- ID: 65259
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Abstract
Malignant tongue neoplasms (C01, 02) belong to the group of rare visual tumor localizations. Government statistics provides an opportunity to refer only to primary accounting data. Information on mortality is summarized in 14 ICD-10 (S00-14) headings – malignant neoplasm of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx. It is impossible to obtain any analytical characteristics (the distribution of patients by stages of the disease, mortality of patients in the first year of observation, accumulated patient population, etc.) at the all-Russian or regional level. This information can only be obtained from the databases created by the Population-based Cancer Registries (PCR).
The goal of the research is to study the prevalence of malignant neoplasms of the tongue, the detailed structure of the incidence, and to calculate a number of analytical indicators characterizing this disease at the population level of the Federal District, for the first time in Russia.
Based on the materials of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), statistical reference books of the P. Hertsen Moscow Oncological Research Institute, our own extensive materials and the newly created PCR database at the level of the Northwestern Federal District of Russia , the study of all possible aspects was carried out within the framework of the set goal of the research, with a set of methodological techniques recommended by the International Association of Cancer Registries (of which we are a member at number 221) being used.
The study has shown that tongue cancer morbidity rate of the population (standardized indicator – the world standard) in the various countries from 1970 to 2010 has slightly increased or maintained its level. In Russia, such an assessment can only be carried out from 1989 to 2018. During this period, the incidence of tongue cancer among males increased from 2.2 to 2.43 0/0000, among females from 0.4 to 0.71 0/0000. In the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation, the incidence of males reached 2.69, females – 0.82 0/0000. The mortality rate of patients in the first year of observation (PCR database) decreased from m 59.5 (the year of 2000) to 43.1% (2018), but remains significantly above the EU average.
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ABBREVIATIONS:
PCR – Population-based Cancer Registry;
IARC – International Agency for Research on Cancer;
WHO – World Health Organization;
NWFD RF – Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation.
INTRODUCTION
Malignant tumors of the oral cavity and pharanyx are rare tumor localizations that predominantly affect men. Population-based studies are extremely rare. Two articles on the subject based on the information given in the Saint Petersburg Population-based Cancer Registry have already been published [1, 2].
More than 3000 primary cases of cancer of the tongue (3416 cases in 2018) are registered in Russia annually, 70% of which are in the male population. [3].
Professor A.I. Paches (one of the pioneers of the research in this field) [4, 5] and Professor R.I. Wagner [6] made a great contribution to the study of the tumors of head and neck. The regional features of the oral cavity cancer were established by A.V. Chaklin, a researcher of the N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology in the 1960s [7]. S.N. Nugmanov conducted research in Kazakhstan [8]. A.V. Chaklin associated the increased lip and tongue cancer incidence rate in Kazakhstan and a number of regions of Uzbekistan with the bad habit of placing smokeless tobbaco (Naswar) between the lower lip and the gum. Naswar is a mixture of tobacco, ash, lime and chicken droppings and other substances [7]. It is also commonly used in India [9, 10].
Population-based Cancer Registries covering Federal Districts provide a more realistic picture of rare cancers incidence rate. The Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation has a population of 14 million people (13, 972, 061 in 2019). More than 300 (374 in 2018) primary cases of tongue cancer are registered every year [3]. The studies were mostly based on clinical research materials from the Research Institute of Oncology and Oncology Centers [4, 5].
Every year, more than 350 (374 in 2018) new cancer cases (68.5% occur in males) are detected in the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation (NWFD RF). State reports provide information only on the absolute number of primary recorded tongue cancer cases [11, 12]. All other parameters can be calculated only on the basis of PCR database [3, 11, 13].
Malignant neoplasms of the tongue across the globe
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) published 11 Monographs that characterize cancer incidence on the basis of the PCRs created in different countries [9, 10]. For thirty years only the PCR of Saint Petersburg was presented in the IARC monographs “Cancer Incidence in Five Continents” (Volumes VI–X). Specialized courses for oncologists on mastering the methodology of the International Association of Cancer Registries were organized by the WHO, IARC and N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology in September 2015. By the IARC CI5-XI, with the help of our colleagues from territorial cancer registries, the materials covering eight administrative areas of Russia were prepared, four of which were included in the Monograph (Arkhangelsk, Samara, Chelyabinsk regions and the Republic of Karelia) [14].
The other four were not accepted as there was non-compliance with the requirements of the state of the database and inability to pay the registration fee (150 euros). The latter indicates that for the territorial PCRs of Russia it is necessary to determine certain conditions for the possibility of financing work in the international projects and ensuring (according to the regulations in the orders of the Ministry of Health of Russia) a full-fledged staff of the PCRs, and also to carry out periodic analytical processing of the accumulated data. We hope that by the XII volume of IARC, the number of PRRs from Russia will increase. For example, all the administrative territories of the USA and the PCRs are represented in the CI5-X [10].
Figures 1 and 2 show the data from the PCRs across the world, including four areas of the Russian Federation. The data covering Saint Petersburg and Russia was taken from the reference book of the P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute for the same period [3]. The highest level of standardized rate of tongue cancer was recorded in India: 4.6 0/0000 – males and 2.0 0/0000 – females. The minimum levels were registered in Algeria, China, Turkey and Belarus. The data for Saint Petersburg and Russia was taken from the reference book for the period of the developing CI5 Volume X. For the Russian territories, the incidence rates for 2018 were presented [3, 14, 15].
Fig. 1. Cancer incidence in Five Continents. Tongue (C01, 02). Males. 2008–2012 [3, 14, 15] / Рис. 1. Злокачественные новообразования в некоторых странах мира. Язык (С01, 02). Мужчины. 2008–2012 [3, 14, 15]
Fig. 2. Cancer incidence in Five Continents. Females. Tongue (C01, 02). Females. 2008–2012 [3, 14, 15] / Рис. 2. Злокачественные новообразования в некоторых странах мира. Язык (С01, 02). Женщины. 2008–2012 [3, 14, 15]
In the CI5 Vol. XI it was possible to consider age-specific incidence rate pattern. Figure 3 shows the comparative analysis of age-specific tongue cancer incidence rates in the United States and Russia. The observation period was averaged over five years (2008-2012) by 2010 for the US; the period of 2010 was considered for Russia [3, 14].
Fig. 3. Comparison of age-specific tongue cancer incidence rates in the USA and Russia (2010) [3, 14] / Рис. 3. Сравнительные данные повозрастных показателей заболеваемости ЗНО языка в США и России (2010) [3, 14]
The first cases of tongue cancer are recorded in men and women at the age of 20 in both countries. Hereafter, age-specific tongue cancer incidence rates in the United States are distinctly higher than in Russia.
Malignant neoplasms of the tongue in Russia
Over the past 25 years, P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute has annually published two handbooks of statistics which provide data on the state of cancer care for the population of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities based on the state reporting forms (Form No. 7). With regard to malignant neoplasms of the tongue, the data for Russia and administrative territories was summarized, including age-specific rates and separate population values for males and females. There is no data on deaths from this disease.
Let us first consider rank distribution of the standardized indicators of tongue malignant neoplasms (both sexes, males, females) in the administrative territories of Russia.
In males, the highest rates (>5,0 0/0000) were recorded in the Kaluga, Bryansk and Smolensk Regions. More than 4,0 0/0000 – in the Oryol, Kursk and Ivanovo Regions, the Republic of Mari El and the Republic of Mordovia. NWFD RF maintains average rates. The minimum indicators were registered in the Astrakhan Region (>0,53 0/0000) and the North Caucasus Republics. In 2018, no tongue cancer cases were recorded in three territories (Table 1) [3].
Table 1. Malignant neoplasms of the tongue in the administrative territories of Russia in the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation (NWFD RF) (standardized rates) 2018 [3] / Табл. 1. Злокачественные новообразования языка по административным территориям России и в СЗФО РФ (стандартизованные показатели) 2018 [3]
Males | |||
Kaluga Region | 5,44 | Kaliningrad region | 2,51 |
Bryansk region | 5,41 | Belgorod region | 2,49 |
Smolensk region | 5,41 | Pskov region | 2,48 |
Orel region | 4,97 | ***** | |
Ivanovo region | 4,91 | Russia | 2,43 |
Republic of Mari El | 4,51 | ***** | |
Kursk region | 4,23 | Leningrad Region | 2,29 |
Republic of Mordovia | 4,16 | ***** | |
Lipetsk region | 3,92 | Vologda region | 2,07 |
Murmansk region | 3,89 | ***** | |
***** | Moscow | 1,52 | |
Novgorod region | 3,59 | ***** | |
***** | Republic of Karelia | 1,34 | |
Arkhangelsk Region (without NAO) | 3,01 | ***** | |
Saint Petersburg | 2,95 | Republic of Chechnya | 0,84 |
***** | The city of Sevastopol | 0,83 | |
Moscow oblast | 2,86 | Republic of Ingushetia | 0,80 |
***** | Republic of Dagestan | 0,78 | |
Samara region | 2,75 | Rep. Karachay-Cherkessia | 0.62 |
North-Western Federal District | 2,69 | Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) | 0,54 |
Perm Region | 2,68 | Astrakhan region | 0,53 |
Komi Republic | 2,66 | Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District | 0,35 |
Females | |||
Nenets Autonomous District | 3,65 | Volgograd region | 0,78 |
Republic of Karelia | 1,45 | ***** | |
Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) | 1,42 | Russia | 0,71 |
Pskov region | 1,35 | ***** | |
***** | Republic of Crimea | 0,69 | |
Chelyabinsk region | 1,16 | ***** | |
Republic of Ingushetia | 1,12 | Moscow | 0,67 |
Magadan region | 1,09 | ***** | |
***** | Rostov region | 0,63 | |
Murmansk region | 1,03 | ***** | |
Altai Territory | 1,02 | Leningrad Region | 0,57 |
***** | Komi Republic | 0,56 | |
Saint Petersburg | 0,89 | ***** | |
Kaliningrad region | 0,89 | Krasnodar Region | 0,52 |
Samara region | 0,88 | The Republic of Udmurtia | 0,50 |
Saratov region | 0,88 | ***** | |
Yaroslavl region | 0,87 | Vologda region | 0,43 |
Arkhangelsk Region (without NAO) | 0,86 | Bryansk region | 0,40 |
***** | Belgorod region | 0,38 | |
North-Western Federal District | 0,82 | ***** | |
***** | Novgorod region | 0,34 | |
Moscow oblast | 0,81 | ***** | |
***** | Republic of Kalmykia | 0,17 | |
Khabarovsk Territory | 0,80 | Republic of Khakassia | 0.16 |
In females, the rates are noticeably lower. The leader is the Nenets Autonomous District with the indicator of 3,65 0/0000. As the population is extremely small, one registered case provides an extremely high rate. The incidence rate in the Northwestern Federal District is 0,8 0/0000, the average rate in Russia is 0,71 0/0000. Five territories reported no cases of tongue cancer, requiring analytical research in the Federal Districts with the use of PCR database. This opportunity is available only in the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation [15, 16].
Table 2 shows the time series analysis on tongue cancer incidence in all administrative territories of the Northwestern Federal District.
Table 2. Trends in tongue cancer incidence rates in the NWFD RF (standardized indicators) [1–3, 11, 13, 15–17] / Табл. 2. Динамика заболеваемости ЗНО языка в СЗФО РФ (стандартизованные показатели) [1–3, 11, 13, 15–17]
Males | |||||
Territory | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2018 |
Russia | 2,22 | 1,92 | 2,11 | 2,39 | 2,43 |
Arkhangelsk region | 2,18 | 2,10 | 0,97 | 1,47 | 0,64 |
Vologda region | 1,65 | 1,51 | 2,12 | 2,23 | 0,54 |
Kaliningrad region | 4,34 | 2,43 | 2,32 | 2,27 | 0,59 |
Saint Petersburg | 3,58 | 2,69 | 2,67 | 3,52 | 0,29 |
Leningrad region | 2,69 | 1,64 | 2,37 | 1,84 | 0,42 |
Murmansk region | 2,62 | 1,44 | 1,38 | 2,89 | 0,98 |
Novgorod region | 2,51 | 2,77 | 3,49 | 4,65 | 0,98 |
Pskov region | 4,19 | 1,53 | 2,89 | 2,16 | 0,73 |
Republic of Karelia | 1,58 | 2,86 | 1,36 | 3,94 | 0,61 |
Komi Republic | 2,47 | 1,79 | 2,46 | 2,32 | 0,73 |
North-Western Federal District | - | - | 2,30 | 2,82 | 2,69 |
Females | |||||
Territory | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2018 |
Russia | 0,35 | 0,37 | 0,53 | 0,64 | 0,71 |
Arkhangelsk region | 0,50 | 0,62 | 0,60 | 1,43 | 0,86 |
Vologda region | 0,32 | 0,28 | 0,12 | 0,44 | 0,43 |
Kaliningrad region | 0,65 | 0,29 | 0,33 | 1,27 | 0,89 |
Saint Petersburg | 0,56 | 0,59 | 0,63 | 1,08 | 0,89 |
Leningrad region | 0,34 | 0,18 | 0,71 | 0,82 | 0,57 |
Murmansk region | 0,00 | 0,10 | 1,06 | 0,90 | 1,03 |
Novgorod region | 0,18 | 0,05 | 0,50 | 0,79 | 0,34 |
Pskov region | 0,99 | 0,18 | 0,77 | 0,47 | 1,35 |
Republic of Karelia | 0,25 | 0,68 | 0,70 | 1,38 | 1,45 |
Komi Republic | 0,13 | 0,14 | 0,93 | 0,81 | 0,56 |
North-Western Federal District | - | - | 0,62 | 0,98 | 0,82 |
The average tongue cancer incidence in Russia has increased in men and women from 2000 to 2018. The indicator has slightly increased in the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation since 2010. In some areas of the District, strong influence of the chance factor has been observed, being the instability in the system.
Localization structure of tongue cancer
Tongue cancer is represented by the following 3-character ICD-10 headings: С01 and С02. С01 indicates ‘Malignant neoplasm of base of tongue’. C02 indicates ‘Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified parts of tongue’. To study the dynamics of tongue cancer structure, 5188 patients were selected for four observation periods, grouped into five years (total: from 1999 to 2018).
C02.9 “Malignant neoplasm of tongue, unspecified” subheading has undergone major changes. Its share has declined by half, from 35.8 to 19.0%, demonstrating a significant improvement in coding.
In the general structure, 25.5% accounted for malignant neoplasms of the base of tongue by the last observation period (2014–2018). The main localization was on border of tongue (C02.1) – 42.7%. Overlapping lesion of tongue (C02.8), accounted for 7.1%. The lingual tonsil accounted for six cases in five years (0.4%) with a 100% one-year survival rate.
Histological structure of malignant neoplasms of the tongue
5188 observations were selected for the period from 1999 to 2018 to study the trends in the structure and, subsequently, the survival rate of patients by histological types of tongue cancer. Most of the histologic types were squamous cell carcinomas: M-8070/3, M-8071/3 and M-8072/3, which accounted for 78.5% of all histological findings. Adenocarcinoma NOS (M-8140/3) accounted for 1.3%. M-8000/3 (malignant neoplasm without histological confirmation) accounted for 1.5%.
The main histological structure of tongue cancer remained stable over the period.
SUMMARY
The study has shown a slight increase or stability in the global incidence of tongue cancer. The age-specific incidence tongue cancer rates in the United States are distinctly higher than in Russia. In Russia and other countries, the incidence of tongue cancer is significantly lower in females. Taking into account the fact that this localization belongs to the group of rare cancers (some territories have reported no cases during the year), the development of data should be carried out at the federal district level according to the cancer registry database. The sustainability of neoplasms has been proved by localization and histological structure analysis.
In the next article, the time series of one-year and annual mortality rates, median survival and survival of patients with tongue cancer, taking into account the stage of the disease will be presented.
The Authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
About the authors
Vakhtang M. Merabishvili
N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
Email: MVM@niioncologii.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1521-455X
Doctor of Medicine (MD), Professor, Chief of the Oncological Statistics Scientific Laboratory, Chairman of the Scientific-Methodological Council on Development of Information Systems of Cancer Control of the Northwestern Federal District, Head of the Population-based Cancer Registry of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgElvira N. Merabishvili
North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
Email: MVM@niioncologii.ru
Ph.D. in Medicine, Senior Lecturer, Department of Human Morphology
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgAlexander M. Shcherbakov
N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
Email: oncl@rion.spb.ru
Doctor of Medicine (MD), Professor, Deputy Director
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgAlexander B. Vasilyev
Saint Petersburg Regional Charitable Foundation “Cancer Prevention”
Email: 5849898@bk.ru
Chief Medical Officer
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgAlexey F. Barsukov
North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
Email: MVM@niioncologii.ru
Ph.D. in Medicine, Doctor of the highest qualification category, Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Clinic named after Peter the Great
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgNikolay F. Krotov
N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
Author for correspondence.
Email: MVM@niioncologii.ru
Doctor of Medicine (MD), Professor, Leading Researcher, Head of the Scientific Department of Surgical Oncology
Russian Federation, Saint PetersburgReferences
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