Features of clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of COVID-19 coronavirus infection in children

Cover Page


Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

Worldwide spread of COVID-19 coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 also affected the child population. Now, a sufficient number of studies have been described in adult patients, and only limited data are available with an analysis of the clinical course of the disease in pediatric patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Currently, SARS-CoV-2 has spread around the world as a variant of omicron. The article is a lecture on the features of the clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of coronavirus infection in children, taking into account the latest domestic and foreign articles.

The purpose of the lecture is to improve the knowledge of family doctors and pediatricians in the study of clinical features, course, diagnosis, therapy, prevention, and long-term consequences of a coronavirus infection. The lecture presents the etiology and epidemiology of coronavirus infection. The clinical picture of the omicron strain is described. The assessment of the clinical picture of the disease is presented based on the working criteria of the severity of the disease. The diagnosis of coronavirus infection is presented in detail. The algorithm for treating children with coronavirus infection is presented according to the latest recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The emphasis is on prevention and elimination of dehydration. Vaccine prophylaxis during the pandemic is considered.

 

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

Irina Yu. Melnikova

North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov

Author for correspondence.
Email: melnikovai@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1284-5890
SPIN-code: 8053-1512

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

References

  1. Zhou P, Yang X, Wang X, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–273. doi: 10.1038/41586-020-2012-7
  2. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5
  3. Bhattacharjee B, Ikbal AMA, Sahu RK, Ratra M. Insight into severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): Rationalized review special reference to COVID-19. Pharm Biosci J. 2021;9(1):1–8. doi: 10.20510/ukjpb/9/i1/1609692170
  4. Rajabian M, Doagooyan M. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Middle East: data, facts and doubts. Int J Pediatr. 2020;8(6):11429–11434. doi: 10.22038/ijp.2020.48778.3914
  5. Rodriguez-Morales A, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Tiwari R, et al. COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: current scenario and recent developments-an Overview. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2020;14(1):6150. doi: 10.22207/JPAM.14.1.02
  6. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020;579(7798):265–269. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3
  7. Lundberg A, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Ozer E, et al. Has omicron changed the evolution of the pandemic? JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2022;8(1):e35763. doi: 10.2196/35763
  8. He J, Tao H, Yan Y, et al. Molecular mechanism of evolution and human infection with SARS-CoV-2. Viruses. 2020;12(4):428. doi: 10.3390/v12040428
  9. Tipnis SR, Hooper NM, Hyde R, et al. A human homolog of angiotensinconverting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(43):33238–33243. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M002615200
  10. Shatunova PO, Bykov AS, Svitich OA, Zverev VV. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Approaches to pathogenetic therapy of COVID-19. Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology. 2020;97(4):339–345. (In Russ.). doi: 10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-4-6
  11. Chiu SS, Chan KH, Chu KW, et al. Human coronavirus NL63 infection and other coronavirus infections in children hospitalized with acute respiratory disease in Hong Kong, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(5):1721–1729. doi: 10.1086/430301
  12. Gaunt ER, Hardie A, Claas EC, et al. Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(8):2940–2947. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00636-10
  13. Kuypers J, Martin ET, Heugel J, et al. Clinical disease in children associated with newly described coronavirus subtypes. Pediatrics. 2007;119(1):70–76. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-1406
  14. Uddin SMI, Englund JA, Kuypers JY, et al. Burden and risk factors for coronavirus infections in infants in rural Nepal. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67:1507–1514. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy317
  15. Taylor S, Lopez P, Weckx L, et al. Respiratory viruses and influenza-like illness: epidemiology and outcomes in children aged 6 months to 10 years in a multi-country population sample. J Infect. 2017;74(1):29–41. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.09.003
  16. Davis BM, Foxman B, Monto AS, et al. Human coronaviruses and other respiratory infections in young adults on a university campus: prevalence, symptoms, and shedding. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2018;12(5):582–590. doi: 10.1111/irv.12563
  17. Jin Y, Zhang RF, Xie ZP, et al. Newly identified respiratory viruses associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in children in Lanzou, China, from 2006 to 2009. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(1):74–80. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03541.x
  18. Wu PS, Chang LY, Berkhout B, et al. Clinical manifestations of human coronavirus NL63 infection in children in Taiwan. Eur J Pediatr. 2008;167(1):75–80. doi: 10.1007/s00431-007-0429-8
  19. Torjesen I. COVID-19: Omicron may be more transmissible than other variants and partly resistant to existing vaccines, scientists fear. BMJ. 2021;375:n2943. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n2943
  20. HKUMed finds Omicron SARS-CoV-2 can infect faster and better than Delta in human bronchus but with less severe infection in lung [Internet]. Available from: https://www.med.hku.hk/en/news/press/20211215-omicron-sars-cov-2-infection. Accessed: 15.09.2022.
  21. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii. Osobennosti klinicheskikh proyavlenii i lecheniya zabolevaniya, vyzvannogo novoi koronavirusnoi infektsiei (COVID-19) u detei. Versiya 2 (03.07.2020). (In Russ.)
  22. DeBiasi RL, Song X, Delaney M, et al. Severe COVID-19 in children and young adults in the Washington, DC Metropolitan Region. J Pediatr. 2020;223:199–203.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.007
  23. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid risk assessment: paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 infection in children [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/paediatricinflammatory-multisystem-syndrome-and-sarscov-2-rapid-risk-assessment. Accessed: 15.09.2022.
  24. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Guidance: paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 [Internet]. Available from: https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/guidance-paediatric-multisysteminflammatory-syndrome-temporally-associatedcovid-19. Accessed: 15.09.2022.
  25. World Health Organization. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents with COVID-19 [Internet]. Available from: https://www.who.Int/publications-detail/multisystem-inflammatorysyndrome-in-children-and-adolescents-withcovid-19. Accessed: 15.09.2022.
  26. Liu W, Zhang Q, Chen J, et al. Detection of COVID-19 in children in early January 2020 in Wuhan, China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(14):1370–1771. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2003717
  27. Hoang A, Chorath K, Moreira M, et al. COVID-19 in 7780 pediatric patients: a systematic review. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;24:100433. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10043
  28. Morand A, Fabre A, Minodier P, et al. COVID-19 virus and children: What do we know? Arch Pediatr. 2020;27(3):117–118. doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.03.001
  29. Mustafa N, Selim A. Characterisation of COVID-19 pandemic in paediatric age group: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Virol. 2020;128:104395. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.10439
  30. Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1663–1665. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2005073
  31. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics. 2020;145(6):e20200702. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0702
  32. Castagnoli R, Votto M, Licari A, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: a systematic review. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(9):882–889. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1467
  33. Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. 2020;109(6):1088–1095. doi: 10.1111/apa.15270
  34. Liu C, He Y, Li F, et al. 2020 Children with COVID-19 behaving milder may challenge the public policies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr. 2020;20(1):410. doi: 10.1186/s12887-020-02316-1
  35. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii – Ostryi bronkhiolit – 2021-2022-2023 (09.11.2021). Utverzhdeny Minzdravom RF. (In Russ.)
  36. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii. Osobennosti klinicheskikh proyavlenii i lecheniya zabolevaniya, vyzvannogo novoi koronavirusnoi infektsiei (COVID-19) u detei. Versiya 1 (24.04.2020). (In Russ.)
  37. Gosudarstvennyi reestr lekarstvennykh sredstv [Internet]. Available from: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru. Accessed: 15.09.2022. (In Russ.)
  38. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid risk assessment: paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 infection in children [Internet]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/paediatricinflammatory-multisystem-syndrome-and-sarscov-2-rapid-risk-assessment. Accessed: 15.09.2022.
  39. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Guidance: paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 [Internet]. Available from: https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/guidance-paediatric-multisysteminflammatory-syndrome-temporally-associatedcovid-19. Accessed: 15.09.2022.
  40. World Health Organization. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents with COVID-19. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/multisystem-inflammatorysyndrome-in-children-and-adolescents-withcovid-19. Accessed: 15.09.2022.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download
2. Figure. Rash with COVID-19

Download (72KB)
Indexing metadata

Copyright (c) 2022 Eco-Vector


СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 70763 от 21.08.2017 г.


This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies