Functions of reactive oxygen species in plant cells under normal conditions and during adaptation

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Abstract

The review considers the role of reactive oxygen species in the life of a plant cell. At the same time, attention is paid to both the negative aspects of their effect on cellular components (lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and DNA damage) and positive functions (participation in signaling, stress response, and metabolism). The main types of reactive oxygen species and the sites of their generation in the plant cell are considered. It is concluded that reactive oxygen species, which inevitably arise in any aerobic organisms, should be considered as the most important regulator of a large number of plant processes, such as growth, development, metabolism, senescence, and stress reactions. Moreover, if the role of reactive oxygen species in signaling and under stress has been investigated in sufficient detail, the direct metabolic role has been studied relatively poorly, with the exception of lignin polymerization and softening of the cell wall, which indicates the need for further research in this area.

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About the authors

Anton E. Shikov

Saint Petersburg State University; All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology

Email: shik-999@inbox.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7084-0177
SPIN-code: 9195-1728

Postgraduate student

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg; Pushkin, Saint Petersburg

Tamara V. Chirkova

Saint Petersburg State University

Email: mim39@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2315-0816
SPIN-code: 9064-4412

Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Vladislav V. Yemelyanov

Saint Petersburg State University; National Research University Higher School of Economics

Author for correspondence.
Email: bootika@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2323-5235
SPIN-code: 9460-1278
http://www.bio.spbu.ru/staff/id179_evv.php

Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg; Moscow

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2. Fig 1. Scheme of the main sources of generation of reactive oxygen species in a plant cell. DAO — diamine oxidase, PAO — polyamine oxidase, PDI — protein disulfide isomerase, SOD — superoxide dismutase, ETC — electron transport chain, PSII — photosystem I, PSII — photosystem II, RBOH — respiratory burst oxidase homologs. Explanations in the text

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3. Fig 2. Generalized scheme of the role of reactive oxygen species in plant life. ROS, reactive oxygen species; TF, transcription factors. Explanations in the text

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4. Fig. 1. Scheme of the main sources of ROS generation in plant cell. List of abbreviations: DAO – diamine oxidase, PAO – polyamine oxidase, PDI – protein disulfide isomerase, SOD – superoxide dismutase, ETC – electron transport chain, PSI – photosystem I, PSII – photosystem II, RBOH – respiratory burst oxidase homologs. In chloroplast, PSII is the main source of singlet oxygen and superoxide; the latter is also formed in photosystem I; subsequently, superoxide is neutralized by SOD to hydrogen peroxide. In mitochondria, superoxide appears in respiratory complexes I & III, where it is also neutralized to peroxide by SOD. Superoxide can be formed in the endoplasmic reticulum in the ETC with cytochrome P450, and hydrogen peroxide is formed by the PDI. PAOs catalyze generation of hydrogen peroxide in the cytoplasm, vacuole and cell wall. Besides, the activity of aldehyde oxidases in the cytosol also leads to the formation of superoxide. RBOH NADPH-oxidases of plasma lemma are a source of superoxide in the cell wall, which dismutes to hydrogen peroxide; peroxide can also appear due to the activity of class III peroxidases, amine oxidases, and germin-like oxalate oxidases. Peroxisomal membrane-associated ETCs (NAD(P)H-oxidases) generate superoxide, it can also be formed in peroxisomal lumen by xanthine oxidoreductase. Hydrogen peroxide is generated in peroxisome by β-oxidation of fatty acids (acyl-CoA oxidase), phytohormone catabolism, and activity of glycolate oxidase, uricase, sarcosine oxidase and sulfite oxidase. Singlet oxygen is also formed in all membranes during lipid peroxidation during the decomposition of peroxyradicals of fatty acid residues of lipids

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5. Fig. 2. Generalized scheme of the role of ROS in plant life. See explanations in the text

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