Intermittent exotropia with convergence insufficiency — diagnostics, methods of invasive treatment

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Abstract

The review analyzes most common injection and surgical methods of treatment of intermittent exotropia of convergence insufficiency: injections of botulinum toxin type A, injections of bupivacaine, bilateral recession of lateral rectus muscles with imposition of fixation sutures or without it (including “hemi-hang-back, no-noose technique”), recession of lateral rectus muscles according to Stellard, unilateral or bilateral resection of medial rectus muscle, a combination of resection with recession in one eye, the formation of a duplication of medial rectus muscle. The results before and after treatment are presented. The results of evaluating the effectiveness of invasive therapy in patients with exotropia with convergence insufficiency are summed up.

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About the authors

Ivan R. Stepanets

Сlinic “Okodent”

Author for correspondence.
Email: stepanetsspbgmu@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1885-6483

Ophthalmologist

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Aleksei N. Kulikov

Kirov Military Medical Academy

Email: Alexey.kulikov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5274-6993
SPIN-code: 6440-7706

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of Ophthalmology Department

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Sergey A. Koskin

Kirov Military Medical Academy; Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: eyemillenium@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3994-9232
SPIN-code: 9882-6880
Scopus Author ID: 14830493600

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Department, Leading Research Associate

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg; Saint Petersburg

Irina S. Kovalevskaya

Kirov Military Medical Academy

Email: is_kovalevskaja@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4573-6674
ResearcherId: P-4872-2016

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant, Ophthalmology Department

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Recession of the medial rectus muscle

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3. Fig. 2. Chemodenervation of extraocular muscle

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