Pathophysiological mechanisms of resistive breathing

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Abstract

AIM: This study aimed to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of resistive breathing by using a model of a conditioned respiratory reflex to external resistance to breathing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inspiratory resistive loads were used 11, 28, 54, and 78 cmAq/l/s to model a conditioned respiratory reflex. External respiration was parametrized on the basis of the analysis of motor and ventilatory outputs. Conditioned signals were pure sounds exceeding the threshold of perception by 10 db at 2000 Hz frequency. All the test persons were divided into two groups (large and small groups) according to the initial reinforcement value. (1) In the large group (37 individuals), the conditioned reflex was formed from 11 cmAq/l/s that was subsequently increased stepwise in the load to 76 cmAq/l/s. (2) In the small group (18 individuals), the initial reinforcements were different gradations of resistive loads, with a stepwise transition to the other parameters of an unconditioned stimulus. The period of the isolated application of a conditioned signal (CS) was 20 s, the interval between signals was not fixed, varying from 2 min to 4 min. Six to eight combinations of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli were used for 1 day of the experiment.

RESULTS: The increase in the added respiratory resistance was associated with the pronounced reduction of pulmonary and alveolar ventilation, that is, with the hypoventilation type of resistive load realization. Changes in ventilation during the isolated application of a conditioned signal had an alternative character. In particular, as the reinforcement factor increased, a pronounced shift to hyperventilation was noted.

CONCLUSION: The reinforcement value of the conditioned reflex changed stepwise, thereby significantly restructuring the proportion between the effectiveness of the adaptive activity in the realization of external resistance to inspiration (the time of stay under a certain load) and its physiological cost (totalities of the deviations of physiological and energy parameters).

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About the authors

Yury Yu. Byalovsky

Ryazan State Medical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: b_uu@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6769-8277
SPIN-code: 6389-6643
Scopus Author ID: 8539156800
ResearcherId: E-1192-2014
http://www.researcherid.com/rid/E-1192-2014

MD, Dr.Sci(Med.), Professor, Head of the Pathophysiology Department

Russian Federation, Ryazan

Irina S. Rakitina

Ryazan Statе Medical University

Email: b_uu@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9406-1765

MD, Cand.Sci.(Med.), Associate Professor of the Pathophysiology Department

Russian Federation, Ryazan

References

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  4. Byalovskiy YuYu, Bulatetskiy SV. Fiziologicheskiye mekhanizmy rezistivnogo dykhaniya cheloveka. Voronezh: RITM; 2018. (In Russ).
  5. Byalovskij YuYu, Abrosimov VN. Pnevmaticheskij dozator vneshnego soprotivleniya dyhaniyu. Patent RUS № 2071790. 20.01.1997. (In Russ).
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  8. Segizbaeva MO, Aleksandrova NP. Inspiratory Muscle Resistance to Fatigue during Exercise and Simulated Airway Obstruction. Fiziologiya Cheloveka. 2014;40(6):114-22. (In Russ). doi: 10.7868/s0131164614050130
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Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
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1. JATS XML
2. Fig. 1. A family of curves showing the dependence of the values of the studied dynamic resistive loads (y-axis) on the flow rate of the permanent airflow (x-axis). Ro-R76 indices show resistance values to the airflow 1 l/s.

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3. Fig. 2. A fragment of the diagram of the test person L.: realization of a conditioned reflex with reinforcement 76 cmAq/l/s. The beginning of the reflex formation.

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4. Fig. 3. A fragment of a diagram tape of the test object L.: realization of a conditioned reflex with reinforcement 76 cmAq/l/s. The reflex is formed.

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5. Fig. 4. Parameters of test objects: respiratory rate (RR, min−1), proper cycle (Ti/Tt, unit), tidal volume (Vt, l),–in a stepwise change of the reinforcement value in the period of isolated action of a conditioned signal (green columns) and during reinforcement (yellow columns).

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6. Fig. 5. Parameters of the total (V, l/min), alveolar (VА, l/min) ventilation and of peak velocity of the inspiratory flow (Vipeak, l/sec) of test persons in a stepwise change of the reinforcement value in the period of isolated action of a conditioned signal (violet columns) and during reinforcement (yellow columns).

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7. Fig. 6. Values of differential pressure of inspiration (Рdi, cmAq) and occlusion ventilation load (Рdi/Рdiмах) of test persons in a stepwise change of reinforcement value of conditioned respiratory reflex in the period of isolated action of a conditioned signal (gray columns) and during reinforcement (blue columns).

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Copyright (c) 2021 Byalovsky Y.


Media Registry Entry of the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Communications (Roskomnadzor) PI No. FS77-76803 dated September 24, 2019.



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