The Use of Vacuum-Dried Maral Blood in the Treatment of Purulent Wounds
- Authors: Mikhaylov N.O.1, Andreev A.A.1, Glukhov A.A.1, Shishkina V.V.1, Sudakov O.V.1, Sudakov D.V.1
-
Affiliations:
- N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University
- Issue: Vol 33, No 2 (2025)
- Pages: 231-239
- Section: Original study
- Submitted: 08.02.2025
- Accepted: 12.05.2025
- Published: 02.07.2025
- URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/pavlovj/article/view/654078
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/PAVLOVJ654078
- EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LNGQDI
- ID: 654078
Cite item
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Purulent wounds of soft tissues remain one of the main problems of modern surgery. More than 30% of patients in surgical hospitals and over 60–70% of primary requests for surgical care are patients with infectious complications of wounds. The use of various inexpensive biogenic growth factors, such as maral preparations, in particular vacuum-dried maral blood (VDMB), seems promising for potentiating reparative processes.
AIM: To study the effectiveness of using VDMB in treatment of purulent wounds in experiment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar rats (n=90) standardized by sex, weight and age, were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (control) — no treatment, group 2 (control) — daily dressings using 0.01% benzyldimethyl-myristoylamino-propylammonium (BMP) solution, group 3 (experimental) — similar dressings supplemented with application of VDMB. Purulent wounds were modeled in rats with subsequent assessment of hyperemia, soft tissue edema in the defect area, type and amount of discharge, appearance of epithelialization and granulation, surface cleansing (fibrinolysis, necrolysis), wound area, histological and histochemical analysis of the skin dermis.
RESULTS: Utilization of VDMB in combination with 0.01% BMP solution resulted in reduction in the time of stopping local inflammatory reactions. In group 1 the average wound area on day 7 was (34.4±4.8) mm2, in group 2 — (29.3±4.6) mm2, and in group 3 — (20.7±4.7) mm2. In group 3 reduction of microbial contamination on day 3 to 102–103 microbial bodies per 1 ml of exudate was recorded, versus 105–108 in the control groups. The morphological picture of the reparative processes indicated a more complete restoration of tissue histoarchitecture when using complex treatment in the experimental group, early potentiation of remodeling processes and activation of cellular elements.
CONCLUSION: The use of VDMB in the complex treatment of purulent wounds of soft tissues permitted to reduce the time of stopping local inflammatory reactions, accelerate the reduction of the wound area, decrease the activity of growth of bacterial microflora in the wound. There was also demonstrated a positive dynamic of cellular elements and connective tissue fibers, which evidences a more complete restoration of the dermis when using the proposed treatment method.
Full Text
INTRODUCTION
Purulent wounds of soft tissues remain one of the main problems of the modern surgery [1–3]. More than 30.0% of patients of surgical hospitals and more than 60.0–70.0% of requests for primary surgical care are cases of infectious complications of wounds. According to prognosis, these complications will cause more than 10 million annul deaths, among other things, due to the growth of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms [4]. Treatment of infectious complications is also associated with a high incidence of disability and mortality and with high cost [5, 6]. To solve these problems, various methods of treating purulent wounds, wound dressings, medical drugs and antibiotics [7–10], biologically active drugs, for example, platelet-enriched autoplasma [11–13], are being actively developed.
The use of various biogenic growth factors, which have a low cost, seems promising for potentiating reparative processes [14]. Thus, preparations of maral, in particular, vacuum-dried maral blood (VDMB), are noted by a number of authors as a medicinal raw material with proven high effectiveness [15–17]. The concentration of various growth factors in them, such as IGF-I, IGF-II, TGF-β, EGF, group B, PP vitamins, amino acids, testosterone, growth hormone, makes these medicinal substances a potential stimulator of reparative processes in soft tissue injuries [18, 19]. However, the complexity and multifactorial nature of their composition do not allow a confident prediction of the extent of their effectiveness in reparative processes in various tissues.
The aim of this study to effectiveness of use of vacuum-dried maral blood in the treatment of purulent wounds in experiment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experimental study was conducted from December 2022 to October 2023 of the Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (Voronezh). The study was conducted in strict accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of May 14, 1993 No. 4979-1 ‘On Veterinary Medicine’ (as amended on July 02, 2021), Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union ‘On the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes’, GOST No. 33216-2014 ‘Guidelines for the Maintenance and Care of Laboratory Animals, Rules for the Maintenance and Care of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits’, and is based on the approval of the Study Protocol by the Local Ethics Committee of the N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University (Protocol No. 7 of December 13, 2022).
The study was conducted on 90 Wistar rats standardized by gender, weight and age, and randomized into three groups:
- in control group 1 (n=30) — no treatment of wounds was carried out;
- in control group 2 (n=30) — daily dressings were carried out with 0.01% benzyldimethyl-myristoylamino-propylammonium (BMP) solution,
- in experimental group (n=30) — daily dressings were carried out with 0.01% BMP plus application of VDMB at a dose of 0.7 g/cm2 (particle size 100–150 µm).
The purulent wound was modeled according to the following scheme. In the first stage, under inhalation narcosis, (isoflurane, induction dose — 3.0–5.0%, maintenance dose — 1.5–3.0%), the rear surface of the neck was shaved at first with a trimmer, then with a disposable shaving stick, the prepared surgical field was twice treated with 0.01% BMP solution [20]. In the second stage, using a plastic round template 1.3 cm in diameter, soft tissues and superficial fascia were excised with a scalpel. For contamination, S. aureus culture (1 ml, 109 microbial bodies) was applied on a cotton-gauze tampon and placed in the zone of wound defect. Then, 3–4 interrupted sutures were applied to the edges of the wound until the defect was completely closed. On day 2, pronounced hyperemia and edema in the wound area, and the appearance of tissue discharge were noted. On day 3, the sutures were removed, significant purulent exudation was detected, the wound surface was washed with 0.01% solution of BMP, non-viable tissues were removed and treatment was started. After modeling, all animals were kept in individual cages with the same nutrition and care conditions.
Animals were withdrawn from the experiment and biological material was collected for histological and histochemical examination on days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 after modeling.
Hyperemia, edema of soft tissues in the zone of defect, the kind and amount of discharge, appearance of epithelialization and granulation, surface cleansing (fibrinolysis, necrolysis) were visually assessed daily. Planimetric examinations with the calculation of the wound surface areas were performed using WoundVision personal computer software (IIMEDSCAN, Russia) and a RealSeance D415 camera (Intel, China). Morphological analysis of the material of the rat skin dermis was conducted with hematoxylin and eosin staining, Giemsa staining, impregnation with silver and toluidine blue. The dynamics of mast cells, collagen formation processes, and inflammatory infiltrate areas were also assessed.
Statistical processing of the obtained data was performed using the Statistica 10.0 (Stat Soft Inc., USA) and Excel 2010 (Microsoft, USA) software packages. The normality of distribution was checked and the following descriptive statistics methods were used: calculation of the mean (M) of the obtained results, standard deviation (SD) within the study groups. To determine the reliability of differences, Student's t-test was used to evaluate indicators with a normal distribution, Mann–Whitney — indicators whose distribution did not correspond to the normal, Wilcoxon t-test — for dependent samples in case of non-compliance with the normal distribution. The significance level was taken as 5.0% (p <0.05).
RESULTS
The average time of relief of local inflammation signs in treatment of purulent wounds is given in Table 1, and the dynamics of reduction of the wound area is given in Table 2.
Table 1. Time (M±SD) of relief of local inflammation signs in the control and experimental study groups, days
Wound process symptoms | Study group | р | ||
1 | 2 | 3 | ||
Necrolysis | 4.3±0.2 | 3.9±0.2 | 3.6±0.2 | р1-2=0.075 р1-3=0.032 р2-3=0.041 |
Skin hyperemia | 4.7±0.3 | 4.5±0.2 | 3.8±0.2 | р1-2=0.064 р1-3=0.021 р2-3=0.038 |
Edema | 4.5±0.2 | 4.4±0.2 | 3.8±0.2 | р1-2=0.072 р1-3=0.043 р2-3=0.037 |
Fibrinolysis | 5.5±0.2 | 5.2±0.2 | 4.2±0.3 | р1-2=0.078 р1-3=0.029 р2-3=0.031 |
Appearance of granulations | 4.2±0.2 | 3.9±0.2 | 3.1±0.2 | р1-2=0.066 р1-3=0.019 р2-3=0.032 |
Start of epithelialization | 5.1±0.3 | 4.8±0.2 | 4.2±0.2 | р1-2=0.061 р1-3=0.024 р2-3=0.039 |
Reduction of discharge to scanty | 6.8±0.2 | 5.7±0.3 | 4.5±0.3 | р1-2=0.042 р1-3=0.014 р2-3=0.027 |
Table 2. Dynamics of reduction (M±SD) of the wound area in control and experimental study groups, mm2
Timepoint of study | Wound area after modeling | р | ||
1 | 2 | 3 | ||
Day 1 | 93.7±6.1 | 88.4±5.9 | 81.2±5.8 | р1-2=0.057 р1-3=0.043 р2-3=0.052 |
Day 3 | 54.2±6.3 | 53.5±5.4 | 45.7±5.6 | р1-2=0.073 р1-3=0.037 р2-3=0.046 |
Day 5 | 47.3±5.6 | 41.5±5.1 | 29.5±5.2 | р1-2=0.053 р1-3=0.018 р2-3=0.024 |
Day 7 | 34.4±4.8 | 27.3±4.6 | 20.7±4.7 | р1-2=0.043 р1-3=0.014 р2-3=0.044 |
Day 14 | 13.1±1.3 | 9.8±1.5 | 2.2±1.2 | р1-2=0.035 р1-3=0.006 р2-3=0.012 |
After modeling a purulent wound and removing the sutures, the microbial contamination was on average 1010–1013 of microbial bodies per ml of exudate (Table 3). In the experimental group, a marked decrease in this parameter was noted on day 3 of the study to 102–103 microbial bodies per ml of exudate, which indicates suppression of bacterial growth in the wound canal when using a combination of VDMB and 0.01% BMP solution.
Table 3. Dynamics of bacterial contamination (M±SD) of wound surface in the control and main study groups, microbial bodies per milliliter of exudate
Timepoint of study | Study group | р | ||
1 | 2 | 3 | ||
Day 1 | 109–1010 | 109–1010 | 108–1010 | р1-2=0.087 р1-3=0.047 р2-3=0.059 |
Day 3 | 105–108 | 105–106 | 102–103 | р1-2=0.063 р1-3=0.025 р2-3=0.039 |
Day 5 | 105–107 | 104–105 | 102–103 | р1-2=0.038 р1-3=0.021 р2-3=0.033 |
Day 7 | 104–105 | 103–104 | 101–102 | р1-2=0.044 р1-3=0.013 р2-3=0.019 |
Day 14 | 104–106 | 101–102 | 101–102 | р1-2=0.021 р1-3=0.010 р2-3=0.086 |
In morphological analysis on day 3 of the study, in control groups 1 and 2, a pronounced inflammatory reaction, accumulation of neutrophilic-lymphocytic cells, mainly segmented and band neutrophils, and formation of microthrombi in the parietal vessels were determined (Table 4). In the experimental group, small foci of formed granulations, single fibroblasts and macrophages were visualized, indicating the onset of regeneration processes.
Table 4. Dynamics of number (M±SD) of cells of inflammatory infiltrate and connective tissue fibers in the zone of wound defect in the control and experimental study groups
Timepoint of study | Клеточные элементы | Группа исследования | р | ||
1 | 2 | 3 | |||
Day 3 | Inflammatory infiltrate cells, U/mm2 | 194.0±7.7 | 158.0±4.3 | 131.0±5.11 | р1-2=0.036 р1-3=0.022 р2-3=0.027 |
Connective tissue fibers > 1 µm, % | 8.3±0.2 | 9.8±0.4 | 14.2±0.2 | р1-2=0.024 р1-3=0.018 р2-3=0.015 |
Continuation of the table
Day 5 | Inflammatory infiltrate cells, U/mm2 | 147.0±9.5 | 102.0±7.3 | 84.0±11.4 | р1-2=0.023 р1-3=0.016 р2-3=0.028 |
Connective tissue fibers > 1 µm, % | 10.1±0.2 | 19.7±0.4 | 27.4±0.5 | р1-2=0.022 р1-3=0.012 р2-3=0.021 | |
Day 7 | Inflammatory infiltrate cells, U/mm2 | 93.0±6.9 | 85.0±9.2 | 51.0±3.7 | p1-2=0.041 p1-3=0.014 p2-3=0.019 |
Connective tissue fibers > 1 µm, % | 15.5±0.2 | 31.2±0.3 | 39.7±0.3 | р1-2=0.020 р1-3=0.009 р2-3=0.037 | |
Day 14 | Inflammatory infiltrate cells, U/mm2 | 41.0±3.4 | 33.0±1.2 | 15.0±5.6 | р1-2=0.032 р1-3=0.017 р2-3=0.013 |
Connective tissue fibers > 1 µm, % | 44.7±0.2 | 61.3±0.2 | 74.1±0.5 | p1-2=0.016 p1-3=0.013 p2-3=0.025 |
On day 5 of the study, the formation of epithelium at the wound edges was recorded in the experimental group. In control group 1 without treatment, inflammatory infiltrates were visualized not only in the tissue, but also in the walls of newly formed vessels, which may indicate the secondary bacterial dissemination due to untimely rejection of the scab. Also, among the key participants in fibrillogenesis and tissue remodeling after injury are mast cells, the growth of which was noted in the experimental group of the study (Table 5).
Table 5. Dynamics of the number (M±SD) of mast cells and fibroblastic differon cells in the wound defect zone and surrounding tissues in the control and main groups, units/mm2
Timepoint of study | Клеточные элементы | Study group | р | ||
1 | 2 | 3 | |||
Day 3 | Mast cells | 112.0±5.4 | 107.0±4.2 | 99.1±5.7 | р1-2=0.067 р1-3=0.033 р2-3=0.056 |
Fibroblastic differon cells | 11.0±2.3 | 15.0±5.4 | 21.0±5.3 | р1-2=0.074 р1-3=0.042 р2-3=0.059 | |
Day 5 | Mast cells | 96.0±9.5 | 87.0±3.7 | 81.2±3.9 | р1-2=0.081 р1-3=0.046 р2-3=0.055 |
Fibroblastic differon cells | 17.0±4.3 | 25.0±3.3 | 36.0±1.8 | р1-2=0.037 р1-3=0.023 р2-3=0.029 | |
Day 7 | Mast cells | 91.0±7.3 | 82.0±4.4 | 77.3±1.8 | р1-2=0.063 р1-3=0.031 р2-3=0.057 |
Fibroblastic differon cells | 27.0±3.2 | 34.0±5.7 | 29.0±4.1 | р1-2=0.044 р1-3=0.082 р2-3=0.077 | |
Day 14 | Mast cells | 75.0±6.4 | 69.0±3.1 | 61.3±5.4 | р1-2=0.085 р1-3=0.032 р2-3=0.039 |
Fibroblastic differon cells | 26.0±4.2 | 23.0±3.2 | 17.0±3.6 | р1-2=0.089 р1-3=0.026 р2-3=0.052 |
On day 7, with the use of a combined staining method toluidine blue and silver impregnation allowing for assessment of the remodeling process in the dermis structure in the experimental group using VDMB, formed collagen fibers were visualized coinciding with the morphological architectonics of the surrounding dermis outside the wound. In the control groups, the different thickness of the fibers and their chaotic arrangement was noticeable (Tables 4, 5). In the micropreparations of control group 1, there were single inflammatory infiltrates, mainly consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages (Table 4).
On day 14, in the experimental group, a complete epithelial layer was formed after the rejection of the scab, and in the dermis, there was a large number of hair follicles in the mature anagen phase, and newly formed sebaceous glands.
In control group 1, the wound bed is in places devoid of the epithelial coating, however, in the dermis, single germs of hair follicles are visualized, the surrounding tissue is moderately infiltrated with lymphocytes. In control group 2, healing occurred with a predominance of fibroblastic differon cells over others, single hair follicles were formed (Table 4).
DISCUSSION
VDMB, containing high concentrations of various growth factors, hormones, vitamins and microelements, is of considerable interest for use in the treatment of soft tissue wounds.
The conducted study showed that the introduction of 1 ml of S. аureus culture at a concentration of 109 microbial bodies according to the proven method, led to the formation of a purulent wound with a considerable purulent discharge by day 3. In the model without treatment (control group 1), epithelialization of wounds started on average on day 5.1±0.3, the wound area after modeling reduced to (34.4±4.8) mm2; microbial contamination of the exudate on day 7 reduced to 104–105 microbial bodies per ml.
Dressings with 0.01% BMP (control group 2) led to acceleration of epithelialization to (3.9±0.2) days, reduction of the defect area to (27.3±4.6) mm2, reduction of microbial contamination of the exudate on day 7 to 103–104 microbial bodies per 1 ml.
Conducting standard treatment in combination with VDMB and 0.01% BMP solution (experimental group) led to a reduction in all the studied parameters when compared with both control groups 1 and 2. In particular, the onset of epithelialization decreased to (4.2±0.2) days, the area of the defect after modeling to (20.7±4.7) mm2, microbial contamination of the exudate on day 7 reduced to 101–102 microbial bodies per ml of exudate. The obtained dynamics indicates an enhancement in regeneration processes with the use of VDMB, which can be explained by enhanced manifestations of local immunity confirmed by histological studies, and is one of the properties of VDMB.
CONCLUSION
The use of vacuum dried maral blood in complex treatment of purulent wounds of soft tissue made it possible to reduce the time of stopping the local inflammatory reactions, accelerate reduction of the wound area, reduce the activity of growth of bacterial microflora in the wound. Positive dynamics of cell elements and connective tissue fibers was also demonstrated, which indicates a more complete restoration of the dermis when using the proposed treatment method.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Author contributions. N.O. Mikhaylov — conducting an experimental study, analysis and interpretation of data, writing the text; A.A. Andreev, A.A. Glukhov — concept and design of study, editing; V.V. Shishkina — analysis of morphological material, writing the text; O.V. Sudakov, D.V. Sudakov — analysis and interpretation of data, statistical processing. All authors approved the manuscript (the publication version), and also agreed to be responsible for all aspects of the work, ensuring proper consideration and resolution of issues related to the accuracy and integrity of any part of it.
Ethics approval. The study was approved from the Local Ethics Committee of the N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University (Protocol No. 7 of December 13, 2022).
Consent for publication. All participants of study and their representatives voluntarily signed an informed consent form before being included in the study.
Funding sources. No funding.
Disclosure of interests. The authors have no relationships, activities or interests for the last three years related with for-profit or not-for-profit third parties whose interests may be affected by the content of the article.
Statement of originality. The authors did not use previously published information (text, illustrations, data) when creating this work.
Data availability statement. The editorial policy regarding data sharing does not applicable to this work, and no new data were collected or created.
Generative AI. Generative AI technologies were not used for this article creation.
Provenance and peer-review. This work was submitted to the journal on its own initiative and reviewed according to the usual procedure. Two external reviewers, a member of the editorial board and the scientific editor of the publication participated in the review.
About the authors
Nikolay O. Mikhaylov
N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University
Author for correspondence.
Email: n.o.mikhailov@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1710-205X
SPIN-code: 6113-7105
Russian Federation, Voronezh
Aleksandr A. Andreev
N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University
Email: sugery@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8215-7519
SPIN-code: 1394-5147
MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor
Russian Federation, VoronezhAleksandr A. Glukhov
N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University
Email: glukhov-vrn@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9675-7611
SPIN-code: 3821-2175
MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor
Russian Federation, VoronezhViktoriya V. Shishkina
N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University
Email: v.v.4128069@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9185-4578
SPIN-code: 9339-7794
MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor
Russian Federation, VoronezhOleg V. Sudakov
N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University
Email: sudakov_ol@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2677-2300
SPIN-code: 2640-7362
MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor
Russian Federation, VoronezhDmitriy V. Sudakov
N.N. Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University
Email: sdvvrn@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4911-1265
SPIN-code: 1759-9075
MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)
Russian Federation, VoronezhReferences
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