Treatment and prophylaxis of the lower urinary tract recurrent infections in women

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INTRODUCTION

Lower urinary tract infections are among the most common diseases in women, with 20%–25% of women experiencing at least one episode of acute cystitis in their lifetime [1]. Cystitis occurs most frequently in patients aged from 25 to 30 years and over 55 years (during the postmenopausal period) [2, 3]. Lower urinary tract infections are defined as uncomplicated in the absence of any anatomic abnormalities of the bladder, in the presence of normal susceptible urine outflow from the bladder, and in the absence of serious comorbidity. Approximately 80% of affected patients experience uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections [4]. The most common cause of infection remains Escherichia coli, detected in 75% of cases, while less frequent causes include Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and, even more rarely, other enterobacteria [1, 5]. The main pathogen and virulence factors of E. coli include the ability to adhere to urothelial cells using special villi, the pursuance of hyaluronidase activity (which causes damage to urothelial cells), and the possibility of active proliferation in the urine [6].

The relevance of lower urinary tract infections is determined not only by their high prevalence but also by their tendency for recurrence. Approximately every third woman with a history of acute cystitis will experience a recurrence of the disease within one year, and chronic recurrence can appear in 10% of cases [1]. Challenges in the treatment of recurrent lower urinary tract infections are associated primarily with the properties of uropathogens and the features of the local nonspecific reactions of the bladder mucosa. In most women, reinfection develops as a result of repeated colonization of the periurethral region by microorganisms of the intestinal group and their further penetration into the urethra and bladder [7].

The mainstay of treating uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections is antibiotics [8]. In recent years, due to the ongoing increases in antibiotic resistance patterns, new trends in the use of antibacterial drugs in the treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections have been noted, including, in particular, restrictions placed on the use of fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins. This is largely due to the need to preserve drugs in these groups for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and other localized infections. First-line drugs for the treatment of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections currently include nitrofurans and fosfomycin [1, 9]. According to the nonspecific mechanism of action, nitrofurans are close in nature to antiseptics, and this is why the resistance of pathogenic microorganisms develops relatively slowly; in addition, there is no cross-resistance with other classes of antibiotics [10]. Nitrofurans have been used for a long time, but in the last decade, have come to be used somewhat less frequently. This fact also seems to be important in relation to bacterial resistance because a decrease in the consumption of antibacterial drugs is accompanied by an increase in the sensitivity of pathogenic microorganisms to them.

A Russian study showed that, for complicated urinary tract infections, 93.7% and 95% of pathogen strains are susceptible to the nitrofurans nitrofurantoin and furazidine, respectively, while 94.7 and 96.8% of uncomplicated cases are susceptible to the same [5]. Furazidin is an analog of nitrofurantoin and acts on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria better than its original compound. Furazidin is effective in both acute and chronic urinary tract infections [11].

To prevent a recurrence of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections, E. coli lysate and herbal remedies are recommended. Antibacterial drugs are used both for long-term therapy and for prophylaxis following exposure to factors that may cause activation of the infection [12–14]. Since the recurrence of cystitis is most often associated with sexual intercourse, postcoital prophylaxis is widespread.

The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of the nitrofuran-type drug Urofuragin™ (furazidin; Adamed, Warsaw, Poland) in the treatment and recurrence prevention of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We observed 52 women with uncomplicated recurrent lower urinary tract infection who were 19 to 56 years old (mean age: 34.4 ± 9.6 years). The study included women who had experienced at least two episodes of the disease within 6 months or three episodes within the year prior to the treatment and an additional acute episode at the time of treatment. The mean time from the previous episode of recurrent lower urinary tract infection was 3.0 ± 2.7 years and ranged from six months up to 12 years, and the average number of recurrences was 5.5 ± 1.7 times per year. The number of sexually active women was 40 (76.9%) out of 52, and 5 (9.6%) women were in menopause.

The exclusion criteria were complicated urinary tract infection, signs of acute or active-phase chronic pyelonephritis, pregnancy or lactation, the use of any antibacterial drugs within four weeks before inclusion in the study, hypersensitivity to furazidin or other drug components, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, overactive bladder, polyuria, renal or hepatic insufficiency, lactase, sucrose/isomaltase deficiency, lactose and/or fructose intolerance, and glucose–galactose malabsorption.

All patients were prescribed 100 mg of Urofuragin™ to be taken three times a day for seven days. After treatment, the patients received recommendations to help reduce the risk of a recurrence of their urinary tract infection. These recommendations included increasing their water intake and performing pre- and postcoital urine voiding. Postcoital antibacterial prophylaxis was recommended for sexually active patients in the form of 100 mg of Urofuragin™ to be taken after intercourse.

Patients were selected to participate in the study during screening visits. During this visit, a medical history was collected, complaints were assessed, a physical examination was conducted, and laboratory tests including an urinalysis and midstream urine culture analysis were performed. To exclude sexually transmitted infections, polymerase chain reaction was used to detect Chlamidia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Mycoplasma hominis in scrapings from the urethra, vagina, and cervix. Symptoms were evaluated using a special questionnaire for the severity of cystitis symptoms [15]; a diary of urination; and the Pelvic Pain, Urgency, and Frequency Patient Symptom Scale (PUF Scale) questionnaire [16]. Clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated immediately after treatment and at two and 12 weeks after treatment, respectively.

RESULTS

Before treatment, all patients had increased white blood cell counts in the urine, which was one of the inclusion criteria. Urine culture analysis showed results of more than 1,000 CFU/mL in 38 (73.1%) of 52 patients. Single uropathogens were detected in 35 (92.1%) among 38 patients with positive urine culture analysis, while two microorganisms were found in 3 (7.9%) patients. The most common etiological agent was E. coli in 29 patients (76.3% of all patients with a positive culture analysis and 55.8% of all patients). Additionally, Enterococcus spp. was isolated in three patients (7.9% and 5.8%, respectively), S. saprophyticus was isolated in two patients (5.3% and 3.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in two patients (5.3% and 3.8%), and Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis were isolated in one patient each (2.6% and 1.9%).

Urofuragin™ treatment given for 7 days to limit lower urinary tract infection exacerbation was efficient in all 52 patients. Marked symptom regression was observed (Table 1). On day 7 after treatment, cystitis symptom severity index scores had decreased from 8.6 ± 1.6 points to 0.7 ± 0.9 points, while urinary frequency per day decreased from 11.6 ± 2.5 times to 6.3 ± 1.4 times (p < 0.001 in both cases). For the control examination at Weeks 2 and 12 after treatment, these parameters did not increase. For PUF Scale score at Weeks 2 and 12, these parameters differed significantly when compared with initial values.

 

Table 1

Dynamics of clinical parameters in the treatment and follow-up of patients with recurrent lower urinary tract infection, M ± σ (n = 52)

Таблица 1

Динамика клинических показателей в процессе лечения и последующего наблюдения пациенток с рецидивирующей инфекцией нижних мочевых путей, M ± σ (n = 52)

Parameter	Follow-up period
	Before treatment	End of treatment (Day 7)	2 weeks after treatment	12 weeks after treatment
Cystitis symptom severity index, scores	8.6 ± 1.6*	0.7 ± 0.9	0.2 ± 0.4	0.4 ± 0.7
Urinary frequency per day, scores	11.6 ± 2.5*	6.3 ± 1.4	6.4 ± 1.2	6.1 ± 1.3
Total score by PUF Scale	21.7 ± 3.0*	–	0.6 ± 0.9	0.8 ± 1.1
Note. *There was a significant difference between parameters before and after treatment (p < 0.001).

 

After treatment, the observed dynamics in the clinical parameters were associated with positive changes in laboratory tests in all 52 patients. Two weeks after treatment, leukocyturia was only noted in five (9.6%) patients whereas it was present in all patients before treatment. Urine culture analysis results were positive in 38 (73.1%) patients before treatment but only in 11 (21.1%) patients two weeks after treatment. 12 weeks after treatment, no findings of leukocyturia were observed in 45 (86.5%) patients, and no bacteriuria was identified in 42 (76.9%) patients (Table 2).

 

Table 2

Dynamics of laboratory parameters in the treatment and follow-up of patients with recurrent lower urinary tract infection (n = 52)

Таблица 2

Динамика лабораторных показателей в процессе лечения и последующего наблюдения пациенток с рецидивирующей инфекцией нижних мочевых путей (n = 52)

Parameter	Follow-up period
	Before treatment	2 weeks after treatment	12 weeks after treatment
Leucocyturia in urinalysis (> 10 WBCs per power field)	52 (100 %)	5 (9.6 %)	7 (13.5 %)
Positive urine culture	38 (73.1 %)	11 (21.1 %)	12 (23.1 %)

 

During the 12-week follow-up period, the recurrence of lower urinary tract infection was observed in eight (15.4%) of the 52 women. Five patients attributed their relapse with sexual intercourse, two mentioned hypothermia, and one patient could not determine a possible cause. Recurrence occurred within 31 to 67 days after treatment (on average, at 48.4 ± 14.1 days). In most patients (84.6%), however, Urofuragin™ successfully prevented the recurrence of urinary tract infection during the 12-week follow-up period.

Urofuragin™ tolerance among the study participants was satisfactory. Adverse events of various levels of severity associated with the drug were registered in 12 (23.1%) patients. Indigestion symptoms (e. g., nausea, epigastric discomfort), drowsiness, and skin itching and dizziness were recorded in eight, two, and one patients, respectively. The noted adverse events did not provoke a withdrawal of the drug in any case.

CONCLUSION

In this study, Urofuragin™ was shown to be an effective antibacterial drug for the treatment and recurrence prevention of urinary infection in women and can be considered as one of the drugs of choice in this clinical situation.

作者简介

Igor Kuzmin

Academician I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: kuzminigor@mail.ru

Doctor of Medical Science, Professor. Department of Urology

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Salman Al-Shukri

Academician I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation

Email: alshukri@mail.ru

Doctor of Medical Science, Professor, Head of the Department of Urology

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

Margarita Slesarevskaya

Academician I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation

Email: mns-1971@yandex.ru

Candidate of Medical Science, Senior Research Fellow

俄罗斯联邦, Saint Petersburg

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