From Kenorland to modern continents: tectonics and metallogeny

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Abstract

There are three stages in tectonic evolution of the Earth: (1) nucleation — from origin of protocratons to their assembly into Supercontinent Kenorland (2.7–2.5 Ga); (2) cratonization — from breakup of Kenorland (2.45 Ga) to the assembly of Columbia (1.85 Ga) and its reorganization into Rodinia (1.0–0.72 Ga); (3) modern plate tectonics — from breakup of Rodinia at 720 Ma until present. Analysis of time-space reorganizations of Archean granulite-gneiss terranes, which correspond to continental lithospheric keels, reveals five groups of protocratons (Nena, Ur, Congo-Sahara, NAsia and Atlantica) that remained almost intact during long time intervals.

After the breakup of Kenorland, the continental crust rotated counter-clockwise. NAsia and Atlantica the least rotated and drifted relative to Nena, however the latter was rotated by 180°. Congo-Sahara, Ur and Kalahari were the most rotated. The assembly and breakup of the supercontinents clearly correlates with secular changes in dominant types of base, precious and ferrous metal deposits, as well as formation and emplacement of diamonds.

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A. S. Yakubchuk

Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences 

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Email: slaurum@aol.com
Russian Federation, 7, Pyzhevsky lane, Moscow, 119017

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2. Fig. 1. Age provinces of continental crust (using data [2, 7, 20, 31, 38, 43, 53, 60, 61, 63, 66, 82, 96, 99, 100]).

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3. Fig. 2. The thickness of the lithosphere based on the global thermal model with a resolution of 1 ° × 1 ° for the continental lithosphere (using the data of [4]).

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4. Fig. 3. Maps of litotectonic terranes of the Earth.

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5. Fig. 4. Modern lithospheric plates, paleoplites, including accretionary orogens and main sutures between them.

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6. Fig. 5. Global distribution of deposits and diamond occurrences (using data [37]) in relation to fragments of the continental lithospheric keel.

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7. Fig. 6. Global distribution of the main metal deposits against the background of the age provinces of the continental crust.

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8. Fig. 7. Global paleotectonic reconstructions and the position of metal and diamond deposits at the end of the nuclear cycle and during the cratonization cycle.

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9. Fig. 8. Global paleotectonic reconstructions of the tectonics cycle of modern type plates and the position of metal and diamond deposits.

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10. Fig. 9. Collection and disintegration of supercontinents and change in types of ore deposits in geological time (according to [36]).

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11. Fig. 10. Progressive fragmentation of the Neo-Archean continental lithospheric keel from 2450 million years ago to the present.

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