Assessment of river runoff components in the Crimean Mountains. 1. Runoff of small rivers

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Abstract

For experimental river basins in the Crimean Mountains, an assessment of the components of river flow was carried out based on the EMMA methodology. The following components of river runoff in karst watersheds are identified: epikarst waters, soil-slope waters and baseflow waters circulating at the contact with underlying impermeable rocks. A significant component of the flow of small rivers consists of epikarst waters. Their proportion in the gauging sections is increasing during floods, naturally increasing with increasing water discharge, obeying logarithmic dependencies. The proportions of baseflow water relative to the proportions of epikarst waters are decreasing.

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About the authors

T. S. Gubareva

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333

G. N. Amelichev

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333; Simferopol, 295007

B. I. Gartsman

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Natural-Technical Systems

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333; Sevastopol, 299011

S. V. Tokarev

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333; Simferopol, 295007

B. A. Vakhrushev

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333; Simferopol, 295007

V. G. Naumenko

Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Simferopol, 295007

Ev. G. Amelichev

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333; Simferopol, 295007

I. B. Vakhrushev

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333; Simferopol, 295007

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Maps of watersheds: a – Kuchuk-Uzenbash River, b – Tonas River. 1 – hydrological cross-sections (I – Kuchuk-Uzenbash River – Mnogorechye village, II – Tonas River – above Ptichye Creek, III – Tonas River – Tonasu-5 cross-section); 2 – weather stations (M – Mnogorechye, O – Olmeskhir, K – Karabi); sources: 3 – large, 4 – small, 5 – wells; relief elements: 6 – karst cavities; boundaries: 7 – distribution of Upper Jurassic carbonate rocks, 8 – river basins.

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3. Fig. 2. Graphs of the relationship “residuals (E) – measured values” at the 2D level: a – r. Kuchuk-Uzenbash – v. Mnogorechye, b – r. Tonas – Ptichiy. 1 – river samples, 2 – “deviating values”, p – probability of absence of correlation links on the graphs.

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4. Fig. 3. Water mixing diagrams in U-space: a – Kuchuk-Uzenbash River, b – Tonas River – above Ptichiy Creek. Sources of water supply: BS – base flow, PSK – soil-slope waters, EK – epikarst runoff, AO – atmospheric precipitation. Samples: R – river, R (P) – river verification sample, R (T-5) – river from Tonasu-5 section; springs: B-T – Besh-Tekne, L. A-Ch – Left Azmenyn-Chokrak, Pr. A-Ch – Right Azmenyn-Chokrak, Ch-S – Chok-Su, Yu-II – Yurka-II, E-T – Eki-Tekne, D-Ch – Darkha-Chok rakly, T – Tullyuk, Ku – Kuzgunny (yayla) T-5 – Tonasu-5; water manifestations: Ch-D - Cherez-Dere gully, Sh-D - Shurban-Dere gully, Ku-D - Kuzgunny-Dere gully, Ka-D - Karagach-Dere gully, P - stream. Ptichy, B-S – the sources of the river. Bai-Su, I – Spaniard well, E-S – well. Yeni-Sala (Krasnoselovka village), sk avenue - a temporary spring on the right slope.

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5. Fig. 4. Separation of river flow by sources of supply on the dates of survey: a – Kuchuk-Uzenbash River – Mnogorechye village, b – Kuchuk-Uzenbash River (test sample), c – Tonas River – above Ptichye Creek, d – Tonas River – Tonasu-5. Sources of supply: EK, PSK, BS (decryption in the text), Q – water flow in the river section.

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6. Fig. 5. Measured and model concentrations of tracers used in the mixing models. a – Kuchuk-Uzenbash River: calibration sample from 15.06.2021 to 27.02.2023, verification sample from 26.02.2022 to 10.03.2023; b – Tonas River: cross section upstream of the mouth of Ptichye Creek from 20.06.2021 to 09.03.2023, Tonasu-5 cross section – from 16.06.2021 to 28.07.2022.

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7. Fig. 6. Dependences of the shares of epikarst (EK), base (BS) types of runoff on water discharge (Q) and their ratio (EK/BS) in the outlet sections: a – Kuchuk-Uzenbash River, b – Tonas River – upstream of Ptichye Creek, c – Tonas River – Tonasu-5.

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