Assessment of river runoff components in the Crimean Mountains. 2. Runoff of karst aquifer systems

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

For experimental basins of karst aquifer systems of Mountainous Crimea, a three-component mixing model has been adapted using geochemical tracers. On its basis, the following stable sources of supply have been established: epikarst water formed mainly in the near-surface fractured and weathered zone of karst rocks; surface-slope water differing in the formation mechanism; base flow water of including a mixture of groundwater from the aeration zones of karst massifs below the epikarst and phreatic zones, providing the base part of the runoff hydrograph. Epikarst waters make up a significant share of the supply in the runoff of karst aquifer systems (> 30%). Close empirical relationships between the shares of the runoff components and the water discharges in the closing sections have been revealed.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

T. S. Gubareva

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333

G. N. Amelichev

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333; Simferopol, 295007

S. V. Tokarev

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333; Simferopol, 295007

B. A. Vakhrushev

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333; Simferopol, 295007

B. I. Gartsman

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Natural-Technical Systems

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333; Sevastopol, 299011

V. G. Naumenko

Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Simferopol, 295007

Ev. G. Amelichev

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333; Simferopol, 295007

I. B. Vakhrushev

Institute of Water Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

Email: tgubareva@bk.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119333; Simferopol, 295007

References

  1. Вахрушев Б.А., Вахрушев И.Б. Роль карстовых конденсационных вод в водном хозяйстве античных и средневековых поселений Керченского полу острова // Культура народов Причерноморья. 1999. № 10. C. 7–10.
  2. Воронков П.П. Закономерности процесса формирования и зональность химического состава вод местного стока // Тр. ГГИ. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1963. Вып. 102. С. 43–119.
  3. Газда С. Источники загрязнения и охрана карстовых вод Западных Карпат // Тр. Международ. симпоз. по гидрологии карста. Будапешт, 1978. Т. 2. C. 141–155.
  4. Губарева Т.С., Амеличев Г.Н., Гарцман Б.И., Токарев С.В., Хрусталева Л.И., Морейдо В.М. Ионный состав генетических типов природных вод речных бассейнов Горного Крыма // Вод. ресурсы. 2024. В печати.
  5. Губарева Т.С., Амеличев Г.Н., Гарцман Б.И., Токарев С.В., Вахрушев Б.А., Науменко В.Г., Амеличев Е.Г., Вахрушев И.Б. Оценка составляющих речного стока Горного Крыма. 1. Сток малых рек // Вод. ресурсы. В печати.
  6. Дублянский В.Н. Карстовые пещеры и шахты Горного Крыма. Л.: Наука, 1977. 182 с.
  7. Дублянский В.Н., Дублянский Ю.В. Проблема конденсации в карстоведении и в спелеологии // Пещеры. 2001. Вып. 27–28. С. 51–72.
  8. Дублянский В.Н., Кикнадзе Т.З. Гидрогеология карста Альпийской складчатой области юга СССР. М.: Наука, 1984. 128 с.
  9. Климчук А.Б. Эпикарст: гидрогеология, морфогенез и эволюция. Симферополь: Изд-во Сонат, 2009. 111 c.
  10. Красная пещера. Опыт комплексных карстологических исследований / Под ред. В.Н. Дублянского. М.: Изд-во РУДН, 2002. 190 с.
  11. Максимович Г.А. Основы карстоведения. Т. 1. Пермь: Пермское кн. изд-во, 1963. 445 с.
  12. Прокофьев С.С. Роль конденсационной воды в образовании карстовых пещер // Пещеры. 1964. Вып. 4 (5). С. 35–38.
  13. Токарев С.В. Уязвимость карстовых подземных вод Горного Крыма к загрязнению: выявление, оценка и картирование. Автореф. дис. ... канд. геогр. наук. Симферополь: КФУ, 2020. 26 с.
  14. Токарев С.В., Амеличев Г.Н., Середа А.И., Брага Е.В. Установление границ подземно-карстовых водосборов в верховьях р. Бельбек (Горный Крым) методом трассерных экспериментов // Пятые Виноградовские чтения. Гидрология в эпоху перемен. СПб.: Изд-во ВВМ, 2023. С. 553–557.
  15. Шестопалов В.М., Климчук А.Б., Токарев С.В., Амеличев Г.Н. Оценка уязвимости подземных вод районов открытого карста (на примере массива Ай-Петри, Крым) // Спелеология и карстология. 2009. № 2. С. 11–29.
  16. Aley T. Findings from some hydrologic investigations in the epikarst // Epikarst. Proc. symposium, 2003. Shepherdstown: Karst Water Inst., 2004. Special publ. 9. P. 79–84.
  17. Brutsaert W. Hydrology: an introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005. 605 p.
  18. Doctor D.H., Alexander Jr. E.C., Petric M., Kogovsek J. et al. Quantification of karst aquifer discharge components during storm events through end-member mixing analysis using natural chemistry and stable isotopes as tracers // Hydrogeol. J. 2006. V. 14. P. 1171–1191.
  19. Ford D., Williams P. Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. Chichester: John Wiley Sons Ltd., 2007. 562 p.
  20. Lee E.S., Krothe N.C. Delineating the karstic flow system in the upper Lost River drainage basin, south central Indiana: using sulphate and δ34SSO4 as tracers // Applied Geochem. 2003. V. 18. № 1. P. 145–153.
  21. Long A.J., Valder J.F. Multivariate analysis with end-member mixing to characterize groundwater flow: Wind Cave and associated aquifers // J. Hydrol. 2011. V. 409. P. 315–327.
  22. Perrin J.R. A conceptual model of flow and transport in a karst aquifer based on spatial and temporal variations of natural tracers. Ph.D. diss. Lausanne: Univ. Lausanne, 2003. 187 р.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download
2. Fig. 1. Maps of the KVS basins: a – Karst, b – Red Cave, c – Ayan. 1 – hydrological sections (I – Karst tributary – Mnogorechye village, II – Kizilkobinka river – control section; III – Ayan river – concrete bridge); 2 – weather stations (M – Mnogorechye, O – Olmeskhir, KP – Krasnopeshchernaya, Ch – Chatyrdag); springs: 3 – large, 4 – small; relief elements: 5 – karst cavities; 6 – passages of large karst caves; boundaries: 7 – distribution of Upper Jurassic carbonate rocks, 8 – basins.

Download (415KB)
Indexing metadata
3. Fig. 2. Graphs of the relationship “E residues – measured values ​​of tracer concentration” in the basins: a – Karstovy KVS, b – Krasnaya Cave KVS, c – Ayan KVS. 1 – river samples, 2 – “deviating values”, p – probability of absence of correlation links on the graphs.

Download (385KB)
Indexing metadata
4. Fig. 3. Water mixing diagrams in the U-space of the KVS basins: a – Karst, b – Red Cave, c – Ayan. Sources of water supply: AO, KS, EK, BK, PSK (explanation in the text). Samples: KVS – of the studied sections, KVS(P) – of the verification sample, KP – of the underground river in the Red Cave, S – of the Subotkhan River; springs: ACh – Azmenyn Chokrak, BT – Besh-Tekne, ET – Eki-Tekne, SM – Biyuk-Uzenbash, G – Griffon, Tp – Tuff site, 33 – source No. 33, 17106 – spring, VC – Veyrat-Chokrak, Yach-2 – Yarma-Chokrak-2, N – Nadezhda, Chn – Chelbash lower, EC - Yeni-Sala, BUK - Beech cordon, DC - Damchi-Chokrak, Kr - Krinichka, KA - Kurt-Air, T - Tochka, pT - spring in the Tochka cave, E (Chat) - epikarst springs from the Chatyrdag plateau; other water manifestations: Su - in the Sukhoi gully, K - well, Kap - drops in the cave. Red, s.r. - slope stream.

Download (270KB)
Indexing metadata
5. Fig. 4. Division of KVS runoff by sources of supply on the dates of survey. KVS basins: a – Karst, b – Karst (test sample), c – Red Cave, d – Ayan. The decoding of the sources of supply is given in the text.

Download (770KB)
Indexing metadata
6. Fig. 5. Measured and model concentrations of tracers in the KVS basin mixing models: a – Karst: calibration sample – 28.08.2021–6.03.2023, verification sample 27.02.2022–11.03.2023; b – Red Cave; c – Ayan.

Download (636KB)
Indexing metadata
7. Fig. 6. Dependences of the shares of runoff feed sources on water flow rates Q in the closing sections and the ratio of the shares of EK/PSK and EK*/PSK* in the KVS basins: a – Karst, b – Red Cave, c – Ayan.

Download (462KB)
Indexing metadata

Copyright (c) 2024 Russian Academy of Sciences