Vol 23, No 6 (2020)

Chewing gum medicines are a dosage form having unique characteristics such as elasticity, plastic deformation, chewing, optimal organoleptic properties and the release of pharmaceutical substance only during chewing. The shown properties of chewing gum medications are provided by a combination of various auxiliary substances, some of which are characteristic for obtaining these dosage forms. For example, the use of combinations of insoluble and soluble components: elastomers (Jelutong, Chicle, isobutylene and isoprene copolymers, etc.), polyvinyl acetate, texturants (magnesium and calcium carbonates, titanium oxide, etc.), plasticizers (terpene resins , lecithin, etc.), emulsifiers, sweeteners (sorbitol, xylitol, aspartame, potassium acesulfame, etc.), waxes, dyes, flavors, antioxidants, lubricants and glidants. The article presents a modern classification of excipients used for chewing gum medicinal products according to their functional purpose, discloses the features of the use of auxiliary substances in the technology for producing chewing gum medicinal products. In addition, various aspects of the use of the presented individual excipients, complex excipients and excipients that perform certain specific functions to modify release, etc. are described. The article presents a large number of examples of many classes of auxiliary substances used, includes basic ratios, mass fractions of components, primary and additional functional purpose, as well as technological aspects of their use. New directions of searching and improving the formulations of chewing gum medicines, for example, the development of biodegradable bases, the use of ion-exchange resins and cyclodextrins, have been reflected. Features of the use of some flavorings explains the aspects of taste masking depending on the pharmaceutical substance. A correlation was made between the ratio of components and the structural-mechanical, textural properties of the dosage form, such as chewing, hardness, stickiness, adhesion to the tooth surface, as well as the release of a pharmaceutical substance. The conclusion is drawn about the features of application, prospects and development trends of modern excipients for chewing gum medicinal.

Relevance. The medicinal value of plants is determined by the content of not only biologically active substances in them, but also macro-and microelements, the accumulation of which is due to environmental factors and the nature of plants. A promising object of study as a source of macro- and microelements is Galega officinalis (Galega officinalis L.). This plant is used in folk medicine as a hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, lactogonous, antimicrobial agent, but it is not pharmacopoeial. The purpose of the work is to study the elemental composition, the content of heavy metals, arsenic, mercury, and the specific activity of cesium-137 in the samples of the herb Galega officinalis. Material and methods. The object of the study was the herb Galega officinalis, harvested in 2015-2017 in the Vitebsk region of the Republic of Belarus. Sample preparation for obtaining the mineral residue was carried out byashing samples of the herb Galega officinalis in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 600 °C for 1 hour. The structure and elemental composition of the mineral residue were studied by scanning electron microscopy with electron probe chemical analysis. The content of heavy metals, arsenic, and mercury was carried out by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The specific activity of cesium-137 was determined by registering gamma radiation with a scintillation detection unit, followed by converting the obtained data using an information processing unit. Results. As a result of the study of the elemental composition of the herb Galega officinalis 9 elements were discovered and a series of accumulation of macro- and microelements was compiled: O > K > Ca > C > Mg > P > Cl > Si > S. Copper, zinc and chromium were found in samples of the herb Galega officinalis, which increases the pharmacological value of the herb Galega officinalis as a means for the prevention of diseases associated with the lack of these trace elements, in particular diabetes mellitus. No toxic heavy metals (lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium)and radionuclides were detected in the herb of the Galega officinalis, which indicates the safety of this type of medicinal plant material and the possibility of its preparation in the natural and climatic conditions of the Republic of Belarus. Conclusion. The herb Galega officinalis can be used as a potential source of biotic elements for the treatment and prevention of diseases of various etiologies associated with disturbances in trace elements, as well as pathological conditions bordering on them.

Currently, in the treatment of many chronic diseases, drugs based on medicinal plant raw materials are widely used. Modern herbal medicines, as a rule, combine high efficiency, relative safety and breadth of therapeutic action. In the production of many galenic and neogalenic preparations, in most cases, waste products of plant raw materials containing various biopolymers, including cellulose, the presence of which can, under certain conditions, induce the synthesis of the corresponding hydrolases - cellulases. The reviewed article is devoted to solving the actual problem of using mycelial fungi for secondary processing of medicinal plant raw materials. As an example of waste of plant raw materials, the authors used a schroth of roots and rhizomes of Rubia tinctorum, formed in the process of dry extract obtaining in the experimental production Department of All-Russian Scientific Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. A characteristic feature of various originschroth is a low fat content and a relatively high number of proteins and cellulose-containing substances. Previously, the authors showed that micromycetes from the VILAR collection have the ability to hydrolyze some insoluble proteins and various types of celluloses. In this regard, it is absolutely logical to try to use these biological objects for conversion of schroth. The article shows that all the studied mycelial fungi grew well on media with the replacement of easily metabolized carbohydrate with the schroth of the roots and rhizomes of Rubia tinctorum. Micromycetes formed lysis zones during surface cultivation, which indicates the synthesis and secretion of hydrolases into environment. In the result of a detailed study of 13 fungal strains, as well as regression and correlation analysis, were selected 5 micromycetes that are promising for secondary processing of medical plant raw materials.

Relevance. In order to prevent the spread of infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, in the spring of 2020, a number of hospitals were re-profiled in St. Petersburg toreceive patients with pulmonological pathology, including infectious etiology. In the period from March 30 to April 30, 2194 patients were admitted to St. Petersburg City Hospital №2, including 1211 (57%) with pneumonia of various etiologies, 508 (24%) patients with COVID-19 and 475 (22%) patients with other acute upper respiratory tract infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate the structure of the results of prescribed studies to optimize the laboratory service and assess the laboratory and examined patients profiles. Results structure assessment of a general blood tests showed the predominance of relative lymphocytopenia- in 51.9%; hemodilution in 57.9%; the average platelet volume was below the reference limits of 59.6%. Leukocytosis was observed in 46.5% and neutrophilia in 53.7%. Absolute monocytosiswas found in 45%. Tests analysis of the biochemical analytes concentrations showed elevated levels of: C-reactive protein - in 74.8%; glucose - in 73.9%; troponin I - in 75.6%; lactate dehydrogenase - in 63.4%; procalcitonin -in 55%; gamma-glutamyltranspeptidases - in 52%. Conclusion. To optimize the laboratory service of the hospital, the quantity of goods was increased by no more than 10% in government contracts concluded with suppliers of laboratory reagents, which made it possible to purchase additional supplies to ensure uninterrupted laboratory examination of patients in the infectious hospital in the conditions of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19.

Relevance. It is known that mitochondrial dysfunction is a significant pathogenetic mechanism of ischemic brain damage and a promising pharmacotherapeutic target for cerebroprotective therapy. The aim of the study. To evaluate the effect of 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tret-butyl cinnamic acid on the change of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes activity in rats brain supernatant in cerebral ischemia conditions. Material and methods. The study was performed on male Wistar rats that reproduced cerebral ischemia using the Tamura method. 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tret-butyl cinnamic acid was administered at a dose of 100 mg / kg (per os) after 30 minutes when ischemia was reproduced and then once a day for 3 days. On day 4, a change in the activity of mitochondrial complexes I, II, IV, and V in the supernatant of the brain was assessed by the respirometric method. Results. Against the background of the administration of 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tret-butyl cinnamic acid into animals, an increase in the activity of mitochondrial complexes was noted: NADH-dehydrogenase; succinate dehydrogenase; cytochrome c - oxidase; F1F0 ATP synthase in relation to animals that did not receive pharmacological support by 71% (p < 0.05); 86% (p < 0.05); 2.29 times (p < 0.05) and 1.9 times (p < 0.05) times, respectively. It should be noted that the 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tret-butyl cinnamic acid test compound exceeded the reference drug succinic acid in an equivalent dose in terms of therapeutic efficacy. Conclusions. Based on the obtained results it can be assumed that 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tret-butyl cinnamic acid has a cerebroprotective effect due to the restoration of mitochondrial function and the elimination of energy deficiency arising in the area of ischemic penumbra.