Psychopharmacology & biological narcology
Scientific and theoretical peer-reviewed journal
Editor-in-chief
- Prof. Petr D. Shabanov, MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)
Publisher
- Eco-Vector Publishing group
About
The purpose of the journal is to acquaint the professional audience, doctors, researchers of medical, biological and veterinary specialties, teachers of higher education with the latest developments in the field of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology of the central nervous system, psychopharmacology, psychoneuroendocrinology, prevention and treatment of chemical and non-chemical addictions, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics new drugs, neurochemistry, immunopharmacology and immunochemistry. The journal is also intended to publish the main materials of dissertation research in the field of pharmacology and clinical pharmacology, human and animal physiology, biochemistry, pathological physiology, psychiatry and narcology.
Journal topics
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physiology
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biochemistry and pharmacology of the central nervous system
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psychopharmacology
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psychoneuroendocrinology
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prevention and treatment of chemical and non-chemical addictions
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pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of new drugs
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neurochemistry
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immunopharmacology and immunochemistry.
Specialties of HAC
- 3.3.6. Pharmacology, clinical pharmacology (medical and biological sciences)
- 1.5.5. Human and animal physiology (medical and biological sciences) 1.5.4. Biochemistry (medical and biological sciences)
- 3.3.3. Pathological physiology (medical and biological sciences)
- 3.1.17. Psychiatry and Narcology (medical sciences)
Sections
- Scientific reviews
- Original Research
- Neuropsychopharmacology
- Neuropsychoendocrinology
- Biological narcology
- From the history of science
- Book reviews
- Significant dates
Indexation
- Russian Science Citation Index (elibrary.ru)
- Google Scholar
- WorldCat
- Ulrich's Periodicals Directory
- CyberLeninka
- VINITI
Current Issue
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Vol 15, No 2 (2024)
- Year: 2024
- Articles: 9
- URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/1606-8181/issue/view/8847
Review
Ethyl alcohol: Influence on the dynamics of blood supply of skin and other soft tissues during their sudden cooling
Abstract
In the norm (i.e., the absence of ethyl alcohol in blood in sober people), sudden local cooling of the skin and soft tissues of different parts of the body from +37°С to +18°С and below (but not below 0°С) causes two-phase changes in blood vessels tone, blood filling, and intensity of blood supply and pain in the cooled tissues. In the first seconds of cooling, the tone of the muscular blood vessels begins to increase and their blood filling decreases, the skin color lightens, and in the cooled area of the body, acute soreness develops. After a few tens of seconds of cooling, spasm in the blood vessels reaches maximum level and their filling with blood decreases to a minimum, the skin turns white, and the soreness becomes severe. These changes persist at their peak for a few minutes, after which they begin to disappear, despite the persisting hypothermia. However, after 10–15 minutes of cooling, hyperemia develops in the hypothermia zone; as a result, the soreness disappears and the skin reddens. Notably, in the norm, sudden cooling of tissues causes irritation of the temperature receptors found in them. The resulting excitation of temperature receptors causes reflex spasm of blood vessels, which has an adaptive value, as it developed for temperature homeostasis of warm-blooded organisms. Acute pain accompanying cold spasm of blood vessels has been found to be due to mechanical squeezing of pain receptors located under the muscular layer in the wall of blood vessels. Conversely, the presence of ethyl alcohol in the blood or, in severe cases, alcohol intoxication changes the dynamics of blood supply in tissues at their sudden cooling: during cooling, blood vessels expand and overflow with blood without the initial phase of spasm and occurrence of pain. Moreover, hyperemia persists throughout and after the cooling period. That is, alcohol intoxication is manifested by the immediate development of hyperemia and skin redness in the cooled area of the body without the initial spasm of blood vessels and appearance of soreness and pallor of the skin in the area of cooling.
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Neuropsychopharmacology
Effects of unilateral cortical inactivation on monoamine metabolism in symmetrical forebrain areas of white outbred mice
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Clinical observations and animal experiments have shown the lateral specificity of the action of compounds that alter monoaminergic transmission. However, the mechanism of this phenomenon has not yet been studied. AIM: To evaluate the effect of unilateral cortical spreading depression on monoamine metabolism in white outbred mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen sexually mature male white outbred mice were studied. Functional inactivation of the cortex of one of the cerebral hemispheres was induced using unilateral epidural application of 1 × 1 mm filter paper moistened with 25% KCl solution. Then, 15 minutes after exposure, the animals were decapitated. The norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and metabolite (i.e., dioxyphenylacetic (DOPAC), homovanilinic (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindolacetic (5-HIAA) acids) content of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory tubercle, and striatum was measured using the HPLC method with an electrochemical detector. RESULTS: The inactivation of the left hemisphere was due to a bilateral decrease in norepinephrine in the hippocampus, an ipsilateral increase in extracellular metabolism of dopamine (HVA and/or HVA/dopamine) in the olfactory tubercle and striatum, and a contralateral increase of dopamine in the cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, the DOPAC/dopamine ratio in the right olfactory tubercle decreased with left hemisphere inactivation. Right hemisphere inactivation did not cause bilateral effects. With inactivation of the right hemisphere on the inactivation side, norepinephrine in the hippocampus decreased and HVA in the striatum increased. In the left side, with the inactivation of the right hemisphere mice, dopamine in the hippocampus increased, as well as the DOPAC level and DOPAC/dopamine ratio in the olfactory tubercle. Serotonin metabolism (5-HIAA/serotonin) in the right hippocampus and left olfactory tubercle increased only at inactivation of the right hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS: The monoaminergic effects of functional inactivation of the left and right hemisphere cortex in white outbred mice are not mirror-symmetrical.
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Morphological changes in the hippocampus of the rat brain in ischemia and in conditions of combined preconditioning
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Preconditioning is effective for increasing the body’s resistance to hypoxia/ischemia. AIM: To evaluate morphological changes in the most hypoxia-sensitive fields of the hippocampus CA1 and CA3 in cerebral ischemia in rats and under conditions of combined preconditioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cerebral ischemia was simulated in rats under anesthesia (8% chloral hydrate solution, 400 mg/kg) by bilateral ligation of the common carotid arteries. The combined preconditioning method included the alternate use of two preconditional factors: pharmacological (amtisol, 25 mg/kg) and hypoxic (hypobaric hypoxia, 410 mmHg; exposure time, 60 min). Morphometric assessment of brain damage was performed a day after modeling ischemia in the CA1 and CA3 fields of the hippocampus. RESULTS: Combined preconditioning has a positive effect on the morphometric parameters of the brain during ischemia, including increasing neuronal survival in the early and late periods of ischemia modeling, preventing the formation of necrotically and apoptotically altered neurons, hyperactivation of microglial cells, and contributing to endotheliocyte preservation. CONCLUSIONS: Combined preconditioning (amtisol + hypobaric hypoxia) has a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia.
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Sedative effect of U-49900 (3,4-dichloro-N- (2-(diethylamino)cyclohexyl)-N-methyl-benzamide) in adult Zebrafish
Abstract
BACKGROUND: U-49900 is a chemical analog of U-47700. Despite the growing abuse of synthetic opioids, including U-49900, its psychopharmacological and toxicological profiles remain poorly understood. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a promising model organism in neuroscience often used for the psychopharmacological evaluation of neurotropic drugs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of U-49900 on the behavior of adult zebrafish in a new tank. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of the test compound U-49900 at 1, 5, 10, and 25 mg/L concentrations (incubation for 20 minutes) on the behavior of adult zebrafish was assessed using the “new aquarium” test. U-49900 is 3.4-dichloro-N-(2-(diethylamino)cyclohexyl)-N-methylbenzamide and is considered an analog of the synthetic opioid U-47700, causing withdrawal in humans. RESULTS: The psychopharmacological profile of U-49900 at 1, 5, 10, and 25 mg/l concentrations (water immersion) in adult zebrafish was evaluated with the novel tank test. U-49900 at 25 mg/l for 20 min reduced the distance traveled and number of top entries in the novel tank test (p < 0.001 vs. control group), but unaltered other parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the sensitivity of zebrafish to synthetic non-fentanyl opioids such as U-49900 indicates the possibility of developing high-throughput screening platforms for finding effective therapies for pathological conditions caused by synthetic opioids.
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Hypothermic effect of antihypoxant 2-aminobenzotiazole
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The compound 2-aminobenzothiazole (2-ABT), which has a proven antihypoxic effect, was studied at the Department of Pharmacology of the Kirov Military Medical Academy. The mechanism of action of this substance is partially associated with the central action, and its protective effect may be due to the general hypothermic effect. AIM: To determine the effect of 2-ABT on body temperature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four male adult white outbred mice were studied. Moreover, 2-ABT was dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride solution and administered intraperitoneally to mice at doses of 32.5 mg/kg (with proven antihypoxic effect), 21.7 mg/kg, and 10.8 mg/kg. Rectal temperature was obtained with an electronic thermometer (DT-623, China) before administration of the test substance and at 5, 30, and 60 min after the injection. RESULTS: Compound 2-ABT has a pronounced dose-dependent hypothermic effect. This effect is maximally expressed in a dose in which the compound has a proven antihypoxic property — 32.5 mg/kg. The hypothermic effect was evident within 5 min after administration. Additionally, the maximum decrease in body temperature was observed after 30 min, whereas the effect persisted for 1 h. CONCLUSIONS: 2-ABT may be a promising compound for developing a drug for drug-induced (controlled) hypothermia.
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Biological narcology
Reinforcing systems of the brain and quantification of their work
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The reinforcing systems of the brain are represented by the ventral forbrain dopaminergic bundle, which innervates the emotiogenic structures of the limbic system. Their study shows the reproduction of unconditioned (self-stimulation, self-administration) and conditioned reflex (preference for place, temperature, color) reactions. The quantitative assessment of the brain’s reinforcing systems remains unclear. For self-stimulation of brain structures, the change of the pedal presses in the Skinner chamber and some calculated coefficients are used, for example, the “mismatch coefficient”, which characterizes the temporal characteristics of the pedal pressings. AIM: To develop, test, and substantiate an additional objective quantitative method for assessing the reinforcing systems of the brain, called the “addiction coefficient”, based on an analysis of the effect of three psychoactive compounds (amphetamine, morphine and ethanol) in different doses on self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The main method for studying the reinforcing systems of the brain was the reaction of self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in Wistar rats, which was modulated by the administration of psychoactive substances. The psychomotor stimulant amphetamine (phenamine) hydrochloride (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg), narcotic analgesic morphine hydrochloride (1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg), and ethanol (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 g/kg) administered intraperitoneally were used as inductors of reinforcing. The control was the administration of of 0.9% NaCl solution (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 ml/rat). RESULTS: The use of different controls, characterized by an increase or decrease in the self-stimulation reaction in response to the introduction of 0.9% NaCl solution, showed that calculated coefficients, including the “mismatch coefficient”, can change in different directions and do not objectively reflect the reinforcing effects of pharmacological substances. The proposed “addiction coefficient”, which reflected the component of psychic dependence, changed unidirectionally toward an increase. The degree of this increase can be tens and hundreds of percent of the control and is significantly independent of the initial values of self-stimulation. As expected, the “addiction coefficient” increased most clearly after amphetamine administration and less significantly after morphine and ethanol injections. CONCLUSIONS: The “addiction coefficient” of a psychoactive substance, calculated as the ratio of the increase in pedal presses to the value of the “mismatch coefficient”, is a clear quantitative indicator when assessing the reinforcing properties of psychoactive substances in the self-stimulation reaction of the lateral hypothalamus. The “addiction coefficient” does not significantly depend on the initial level of self-stimulation and is recommended for a comparative assessment of the reinforcing properties of primarily related psychoactive compounds.
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Correction of compulsive overeating in rats after maternal deprivation in early age using a new antagonist of OX1 receptors
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Compulsive overeating (bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder) is the basis of eating disorders and is included in ICD-11 and DSM-5 as a manifestation of nonchemicaladdiction and a behavioral disorder of impulsivity and compulsivity. Obesity and eating disorders are characterized by compulsive food consumption, similar to compulsive drug use in substance use disorders. AIM: To evaluate the effect of the OX1 receptor antagonist anthorex on compulsive overeating in animals in a maternal deprivation model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sexually mature male rats, which were separated from their mother for 3 h after birth from days 2 to 12, were fed a high-carbohydrate diet every third day for 1 h for 45 days. High-calorie food was placed within 5 cm of reach with visual contact 15 minutes before feeding. Anthorex was administered intranasally for 7 days at a dose of 1 µg/1 µl, 20 µl. RESULTS: Intermittent consumption of high-calorie foods caused compulsive overeating in rats. Sexually mature animals that experienced deprivation from their mother in early ontogenesis showed increased compulsive overeating of high-carbohydrate foods relative to the controls (p < 0.001). Moreover, the consumption of standard briquetted feed did not change. Intranasal administration of anthorex reduced the manifestations of compulsive overeating in rats after weaning under conditions of intermittent consumption of high-calorie food compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Consumption of standard food did not differ relative to the control group, before and after the administration of the orexin antagonist. CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals new methods of studying and synthesizing peptide drugs based on orexin and its antagonists for the correction of compulsive overeating caused by chronic stress in ontogenesis.
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Клиническая наркология
Objective predictors for delirium tremens based on physiological and metabolic parameters
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The search for markers and predictors of complicated forms of alcoholism, which include alcoholic delirium and acute psychotic reactions with hallucinatory and delusional phenomena, is one of the actual problems of modern addiction medicine. AIM: Clinical validation of a model for early detection of patients at high risk of developing complicated alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) based on laboratory diagnostics. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A prospective, cohort, observational study was performed. The study included 200 patients; 9 were excluded. The included patients were distributed as follows: uncomplicated AWS, 98 patients (51.3%); alcohol delirium, 67 patients (35.1%); and alcohol-induced psychotic disorder, 26 patients (13.6%). Potassium, sodium, calcium, and platelet count were compared between the groups, and the relationships between sex, age, and potassium levels in patients with alcohol delirium were studied. RESULTS: Potassium, sodium, and platelet count were significantly different in patients with alcohol delirium and in those with uncomplicated AWS and alcohol-induced psychotic disorder. Blood calcium levels were significantly different between patients with alcohol delirium and uncomplicated AWS. Women were found to be less sensitive to metabolic disorders that developed as a result of alcohol consumption, as evidenced by lower incidence of delirium. The high prevalence of alcohol delirium among older patients is a consequence of decompensation of metabolic regulation mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: Predictive model of alcohol delirium, based on the results of blood potassium level study, proved effectiveness in clinical application.
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Anniversaries
Talented biochemical pharmacologist Professor Irina V. Zarubina
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