Childhood obesity as a result of disturbance formation of a circadian melatonin’s rhythm in early ontogenesis


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Abstract

The review presents literature data that are demonstrating the role of adverse environmental factors at the early stages of ontogenesis in programming and realization of the childhood obesity. In the presence of multiple factors contributing to the obesity, the key link that launches this process is impaired by circadian organisation of hormonal and metabolic processes controlled by melatonin. The role and place of melatonin in regulation of energy metabolism in the human body are considered in their normal patterns and as part of the mechanisms of the development of pathological conditions in cases of low hormone production and the absence of its circadian rhythm. The author presents the results of experimental and clinical studies, according to which during the intrauterine life the fetal clock genes of suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN) and fetal organs are peripheral maternal circadian oscillators entrained by the maternal melatonin cycle. Maternal circadian rhythms are influential in the entrainment and programming of fetal and newborn circadian rhythms. The absence of circadian melatonin production in pregnant women, associated with the pathologies they have (obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, endometriosis, pregnancy complicated by gestosis and chronic placental insufficiency, etc.) and also with night work, disrupt the genetic process of organizing the rhythmic activity of SCN genes and melatonin production in the fetal pineal gland, leading to dysregulation of metabolic processes in the child’s body after birth and programming pathology in the following life. In the absence of the circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion, all other factors contributing to the obesity aggravate desynchronization of metabolism and speed up the development of the obesity. Therefore, the perinatal period is a window of possibilities for prevention of overweight and obesity in children.

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I. I Evsyukova

D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology

Email: eevs@yandex.ru

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