Vol 20, No 3 (2022)

The review is devoted to the analysis of modern ideas about the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, it describes the signaling molecules involved in the development of sarcoidosis, which can be biomarkers and targets for optimizing personalized diagnosis and targeted therapy of the disease. The aim of the study was to consider the possible mechanisms of development of granuloma and fibrosis of the lung tissue in this pathology and to characterize the molecular markers of sarcoidosis. Material and methods: the analysis and systematization of scientific literature over the past 5 years was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. Results. The review focuses on various subpopulations of lymphocytes, as well as angiogenic factors (VEGF and HIF-1a) and molecules associated with the development of inflammation (TNF-a, IFN type I, Janus kinase, COX-2). The possible epigenetic regulation of the processes occurring in sarcoidosis with the help of miRNAs is considered. The possibility of using the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes to identify a risk group for the development of sarcoidosis, as well as an unfavorable prognosis for its course, is discussed.

Introduction. Small cell lung cancer (SCLS) is a highly aggressive type of tumor, and various compounds are considered as potential biochemical markers of its prognosis, including neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin A (CgA), and prograstrin releasing peptide (proGRP). The aim of the study. Analysis of basal serum concentrations of biochemical markers proGRP, NSE, and CgA association with the prognosis of progression-free survival in patients with SCLC. Methods. 62 patients with late-stage SCLC (III-IV) who received treatment using modern chemotherapy schemes was included in our investigation. Progression-free survival was analyzed from the start of the first course of chemotherapy to the detection of progression. ProGRP and NSE detection in blood serum was performed on the automatic biochemical analyzer Cobas e601 (Roche). CgA analysis was performed with ELISA method (Eurodiagnostica). Results. The medians of all studied markers were statistically significantly differentfrom the control. We revealed an association between basal serum levels of proGRP and progression-free survival in patients with SCLC (p=0.0039); while in the group of patients with proGRP levels over 1384pg/ml, the prognosis was less favorable. Survival analysis using NSE levels showed that in the group of patients with SCLC with levels above 72.9 ng/ml, the survival prognosis was less favorable (p=0.015). The simultaneous increase of proGRP and NSE secretion was a prognostically unfavorable factor. Conclusion. ProGRP and NSE can be used as predictors of progression-free survival in patients with advanced SCLC, and high marker levels were associated with an unfavorable prognosis.

Introduction. In 2013 The Cancer Genome Atlas research group divided the molecular aberrations in endometrial cancer into four subtypes: POLE mutations, microsatellite instability, copy-number low and copy-number high. These subtypes have different prognosis and could probably mean different therapeutical options. The aim of the study. To estimate the prevalence of different molecular aberrations and to find out associated clinicopathological features. Methods. The study included 45 samples of endometrial carcinoma. Pathological structure and molecular features of each sample were evaluated. Immunohistochemical testing was used to find out the level of p53 expression. Genetic testing was carried out by PCR for MSI testing and by sequencing POLE exon 9 and exon 13 for point mitations. Results. Nor POLE mutations, nor abnormal p53 expression level were found in studied samples. The prevalence was 22% for MSI tumors. No significant difference in clinicopathological features was found between MSI and MSS tumors except for mitotic index that was higher in MSI tumors. Similarly, MSI tumors were less differentiated but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion. POLE mutations and abnormal p53 level are rare in low-grade endometrial carcinomas. Nevertheless, MSI tumors are common in this group and further research of their prognostic significance is important.

Introduction. Lactic acid bacteria synthesize antimicrobial substances of various nature: acids, alcohols, diacetyl, reuterin, hydrogen peroxide, carbon dioxide, etc. The Food and Drug Administration (USA) and the European Food Safety Authority have recognized lactic acid bacteria as safe for human and animal health. In this regard, they can also be of great importance as producers of amino acids, including essential ones. The purpose of the study is to carry out a comparative analysis of the organic and amino acids production by strains of probiotic bacteria. Material and methods. Selected strains of lactic acid bacteria were used: Lactobacillus plantarum IMV B-7344, Lactobacillus casei IMVB-7343, Lactobacillus acidophilus RCAM 01850, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis RCAM 02909, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris RCAM 05396, Streptococcus thermophilus RCAM 02910. Analysis of amino acids and organic acids was carried out with capillary electrophoresis "Capel 105" and the program "Multichrom". Results. All the studied strains have a fermentation-type metabolism with formation of lactic, acetic, butyric and caproic acids with a total production level of up to 29.06 g/l. The production of malic and succinic acids by lactobacilli (0.06-0.59 g/l) should be noted, as opposed to lactococci and streptococcus, which do not synthesize these acids even in trace amounts. The content of free amino acids in the submerged cultivation process was 35.88-49.06 g/l, including essential 11.81-21.21 g/l. Significant amounts of leucine and isoleucine (8.63-17.20 g/l), glutamine (9.83-10.60 g/l) and proline (5.42-7.48 g/l) were noted in the culture fluid, with the first two being essential. Conclusion. The data obtained must be taken into account when developing multicomponent probiotics, since these factors largely determine the effectiveness of the impact on pathogenic microorganisms and humans.

Introduction. The creation of peptide bioregulators that contribute to the preservation of the basic physiological functions of the body is an urgent task of modern biology and medicine. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of polypeptide complexes (PPCs) isolated from the ovaries, muscles and vessels of calves on the growth of skin cells of young and old rats. Methods. Organotypic cultivation of rat skin tissue was carried out under the action of various PPCs. The growth of skin tissue was calculated by the area index (IP). The expression of proliferation markers (PCNA) and apoptosis (p53) was evaluated by immunocytochemistry. Results. All the studied demonstrated the statistically significantly increased the area index (IP) of skin explants in young rats by 30-49% and in old animals by 20-28%. The expression of p53protein decreased in the skin explants of young and old rats by 20-30% and 17-27%, respectively under the action of PPCs. PCNA protein expression in skin cultures obtained from young and old animals increased by 22-39% and 19-31% respectively after adding PPCs adding. Conclusion. The obtained data create the base for the development of new substances based on the studied PPCs that contribute to the correction of pathology and age-related skin changes.