Vol 21, No 6 (2019)

For agricultural production, it is important to creating a new type of millet varieties that are stable in yield both in favorable and in extreme weather conditions, with a sufficiently high environmental sustainability. Varieties of our selection have a high yield, technological qualities, coarse grain, plasticity, resistance to diseases and pests, which is relevant to today. The share of crops of our millet varieties in the Samara region is more than 45.7% of the occupied areas of this crop. The article presents the practical results of scientific work on the creation of a new large-grain variety of millet sowing Constanta (L - 2374), resistant to stress factors of the Middle Volga region. A variety of subaureum. Plant height up to 90 cm. The variety is medium-ripe, the growing season is not more than 85 days. Grain yield up to 2.0 t / ha. The grain is very large, rounded, creamy. Weight of 1000 grains 11,0 g. Resistant to lodging, shedding. It is characterized by high adaptive properties. The degree of drought resistance is 5 points. Weakly affected by melanosis. Affection bacteriosis was not observed. Resistant to dust smut 1, 2 pathogenic race. It has high technological and culinary qualities. Hoodness Grain up to 24.6%. The grits yield of 77.7%. The color of cereals and porridge is yellow. Taste of porridge 5 points.

The research was carried out in 2015-2017 in the Ulyanovsk region in the forest-steppe zone on leached chernozemic soil in order to study the effects of various predecessors, methods of primary tillage, mineral fertilizers dosage and seed sowing rates on the yield and economic efficiency of spring soft wheat cultivation. The object of research was a spring soft wheat variety Ulyanovskaya 105, which has been recommended for cultivation in the Volga-Vyatka (4), Middle Volga (7), Ural (9) regions of the Russian Federation since 2017. The experimental design provided the placement of spring soft wheat after peas and winter wheat, the autumn main plowing and shallow tillage. In each of the options, sowing was carried out by three seeding rates - 4.5; 5.0; 5.5 million germinating seeds / ha, for three backgrounds of mineral fertilizer - N24Р6К0 kg / ha a.a. before sowing; N64P18K35 kg / ha before sowing + retardant Tse Tse Tse 750; N50P30K70 kg / ha before sowing + N25 in tillering stage + N30 after heading stage + retardant Tse Tse Tse 750, calculated for the planned yield of 4.0; 5.0 and 6.0 t / ha, respectively. Meteorological conditions during the years of research were characterized by uneven precipitation (Hydrothermal Coefficient of Humidification in 2015 - 0.7; in 2016 - 0.8; in 2017 - 1.4). Reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil at the beginning of the growing season were very good (161.1-173.2 mm), satisfactory in the heading stage (91.4-94.1 mm). Options for the planned yield of 5.0 and 6.0 t / ha had an advantage in the content of mobile NPK forms. On average, for all options, a yield of 4.63 t / ha was obtained on winter wheat, on peas - 5.18 t / ha, which is 0.55 t / ha higher. When the Ulyanovskaya 105 variety is planted after winter wheat, the plowing in comparison with shallow tillage, increased productivity by 0.57 t / ha, after peas - by 0.21 t / ha. The use of mineral fertilizers in a dose calculated for the planned yield of 5.0 t / ha increased it, compared with a dose of 4.0 t / ha, by 12-21%, and in a dose of 6.0 t / ha - by 17-22%. However, the largest conditional net income for both predecessors and primary tillage methods was provided by the options with dosage of mineral fertilizers of 4.0 t / ha and 5.0 t / ha. This indicator, compared to the 3rd background, for plowing after winter wheat on the 1st background increased by 3220 rubles / ha and on the 2nd background - by 3173 rubles / ha, on shallow tillage - by 4997 rubles / ha and 4481 rubles. / ha, respectively. Plowing after peas on 1 background increased net income by 3023 rubles / ha and on 2 background - 3087 rubles / ha, on shallow tillage - 3077 rubles / ha and 1801 rubles / ha, respectively.

The article presents the results of the study of the collection of varieties of spring barley, represented by samples from research institutes of Russia, countries of the far and near abroad. A brief description of the agro-climatic conditions of the research is given. The results of evaluation of collection samples of barley on productivity, fineness and precocity are presented. The assessment of vegetation period samples was carried out. Assessment of precocity was carried out on the period of shoots - earing. According to the results of the analysis, samples were selected for use as sources of precocity, with the duration of the period «shoots-earing» 35-37 days: Submedikum 1958/01, Grif, Omskiy 96, Biom, Vadim, Oskar, Spomin. From samples of the collection nursery on the greatest weight of 1000 grains new lines of selection Volga region research institute of selection and seed farming were allocated - Nutans 2054/02, Submedikum 2149/01 (Povolzhskiy 49), Submedikum 2149/17, variety Agat, as well as samples of T-12, Anna, Orenburgskiy 15, Orenburgskiy 17 from the Orenburg region, Omskiy 90, Omskiy 96 from the Omsk region, Medikum 11, Medikum 125, Medikum 176 from Kazakhstan, variety Khago from Belarus, Vzirets from Ukraine, variety KVS Tessa from Germany, Eksployer and Pioner varieties from France, Evergrin and Chiraz from Denmark, which it is advisable to use as sources of fineness. The highest grain yield marked varieties selection Volga region research institute of selection and seed farming - Vityaz’, Povolzhskiy 16, Submedikum 2149/02, Samara NIISKH - Grif, Krasnokutskoy s.o.s. Nutans 553, Krasnoyarsk NIISKH - Buyan, Ukraine - Bad’oriy, France - Yeyfel’, which can be used as source material as sources of productivity. As a result of the conducted researches sources of spring barley on economically valuable signs for their use in selection programs are allocated.

With increasing requirements for new soybean varieties from the production side, complicating breeding problems, the requirements for the degree of knowledge of the source material increase. In the Volga NIISS in 2017 - 2019 A study of 128 samples of soybean of various ecological and geographical origin was carried out. Based on the assessment of soybean variety varieties by yield and adaptability parameters, the most valuable genotypes have been identified, combining high rates of average yield and the realization of productivity potential. The selected samples have high breeding value and can be used as starting material for the creation of new soybean varieties for the non-irrigated conditions of the forest-steppe of the Samara Trans-Volga region.

The research was carried out in the Ulyanovsk research Institute IN 2016-2018, located in the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region with an annual rainfall of 360 -500 mm. The soil of the experimental site was represented by slightly alkaline heavy-loam Chernozem with a humus content of 5.8 %. We studied the efficiency of dump, non-dump, minimum and zero tillage. The arable soil layer was characterized by favorable agrophysical properties, which practically did not depend on the methods of basic tillage, so the lumpy-granular macrostructure with the size of aggregates from 0.25 to 10 mm was 75.2% for plowing, 75.6-76.5% for the variants of mini-Mal and zero tillage. The soil in the arable layer was not re-compacted and corresponded to the optimal value for the growth and development of spring wheat plants (1.20-1.23 g / cm3). The number of water-line units with a diameter greater than 0.25 mm was high and did not fall below 74 %. Minimum and zero treatment contributed to a greater (8-25 %) accumulation and preservation of productive moisture in the soil during the entire growing season, compared with the dump treatment. The yield at mini-Mall and zero tillage was 2.87-2.88 t / ha, which is 0.16-0.17 t/ha higher than at dump-2.71 t / ha.

11 varieties of winter soft wheat were analyzed for yield adaptability using various methods for calculating environmental plasticity and stability in 2012-2018. the Results of two-factor dispersion analysis showed a significant impact on the variability of yield of the environment factor (7 years of testing) - 96.89%, varieties (11 genotypes) - 2.45%, as well as the interaction between them, which is significantly lower, but also reliably-0.65%, at a 5% level of significance. Yields varied greatly depending on growing conditions and varieties from 13.7 C / ha (Kinelskaya 4, 2015) up to 62.4 C / ha (Erythrospermum 3730, 2017). A low level of variation was observed in the varieties Velutinum 3611, Velutinum 3751 and Povolzhskaya Niva in combination with a high level of homeostaticity. According to the coefficient of linear regression bi, the most plastic varieties are Kinelskaya 4, Erythrospermum 3730, Lutescens 3585, Lutescens 3645 and Konstantinovskaya. The varieties Povolzhskaya Niva (σ2d=1.68), Povolzhskaya 86 (σ2d=3.76) and Velutinum 3751 (σ2d=3.82) were stable according to the standard deviation (dispersion). By G. C. C. regression model. Tai stood out varieties Velutinum 3751, Povolzhskaya 86 and Povolzhskaya Niva. The varieties With high stability according to the method of S. P. Martynov include lutescens 3585, Povolzhskaya Niva, Velutinum 3611, Velutinum 3751, Konstantinovskaya and Erythrospermum 3730. Among all the studied varieties, the most plastic and stable in yield was the variety Povolzhskaya Niva. The variety has a relatively low coefficient of variation (29.2%), the highest level of homeostaticity in the experiment (31.22), a high average yield for the years of research (35.77 C / ha) and the standard deviation according to Eberhart and Russell (σ2d=1.68).

The article presents morphological, biological and economic indicators of a new promising variety of spring oats Grum. The results of competitive variety testing in the Ulyanovsk region and State variety testing in the regions of the Russian Federation are presented. The variety was created in the Ulyanovsk research Institute of agriculture, together with FITZ «Nemchinovka». The Grum is referred to the middle-ripening group of varieties, matures 2-3 days later than the standard variety of Konkur. Regardless of the growing conditions Grum forms high grain nature (512-565 g/l), with the mass of 1000 grains from 31.5 to 38.5 g. The grain yield of varieties Grum in the years KSI ranged from 4.41 to 4.85 t/ha. The excess over the standard grade Showjumping over the test period averaged 0.28 t/ha. the average yield of grain stations over the years, the SVT was 3.75 t/ha. Maximum grain yield equal to 11.00 t/ha was obtained in 2017 at GSU Schigrovskogo Kursk region. This result indicates a high genetic potential of productivity of this variety of oats. The plants of the new variety are characterized by a thick strong stem and good leafiness, which allows us to recommend the variety for use as a component for sowing in a mixture with annual legumes for hay, as well as silage and green fodder. The results of the SVT on the study of feed productivity prove the ability of the Grum variety to form a high yield of dry matter up to 12.40 t / ha. Since 2019, a new variety of spring oats Grum is included in the State register of breeding achievements approved for use in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, Middle Volga and Ural regions. It is recommended for cultivation in Ryazan, Tula regions, the Republic of Mari El, Nizhny Novgorod region, the Republic of Mordovia, Penza, Ulyanovsk and Orenburg regions for grain fodder and green mass.

In Ulyanovsk research Institute to determine the impact of different types of crop rotation to increase crop productivity and increase the economic efficiency of grain production were performed in 2014-2018. In stationary experiments studied the influence of different crops in crop rotations on the main agrophysical parameters of fertility, weeding and crop rotation productivity. The soil of the experimental site is leached Chernozem, medium-thick, humus content 6.35%, pH of salt extraction 6.8, the sum of absorbed bases 48.6 mg. EQ./100 g of soil, phosphorus 22.5 and potassium 11.9 mg / 100 g of soil (according to Chirikov). It is established that the grain-grass crop rotation provides a favorable water-air regime of the soil and its density. Cultivation of grain crops, in a grain-grass crop rotation using legumes, legumes-cereals and spring crops with sowing of perennial grasses (alfalfa) according to the generally accepted system of fertilizers allows to increase their productivity, to obtain the highest yield of grain, fodder units from 1 hectare of the crop area and ultimately the content of digestible protein in 1 K. units.

Based on the results of hydrological and hydrochemical observations, phosphorus runoff from the catchment areas of the rivers of the Volga region, located in different climatic conditions and experiencing different anthropogenic load from point and diffuse sources of pollution, is estimated. Assessment of phosphorus runoff is due to the need to solve the problem of anthropogenic eutrophication of large reservoirs of the Middle and Lower Volga. The main catchment areas of the Samara, SOK, Syzranka, Chapaevka, Maly Irgiz and Chagra rivers flowing into the Saratov reservoir were selected as objects of research. It was found that the highest average annual phosphorus flow modulus is typical for the catchment area of the Syzranka river, located in the forest-steppe province of the Volga upland, and is 521.0 µg/(c km2). The lowest average annual phosphorus flow modulus is typical for the Chagra river, located in the steppe province of the Lowland and Syrtic Zavolzhye, and is 180.65 µg/(c km2). The calculated value of phosphorus runoff from catchment areas of rivers includes natural and anthropogenic components.

The article gives an assessment of genotypes of spring soft wheat varieties created by scientists breeders of the Ulyanovsk Research Institute and in community with other selection institutions by parameters of productivity and ecological plasticity. The studies were carried out in soil-climatic conditions of the Ulyanovsk region in 2014-2018. The characteristic of varieties of spring soft wheat according to valuable economic characteristics and bakery properties is presented. According to the stability of productivity and plasticity indicators, varieties: Ekada 109, Ekada 214, Burlak and Ulyanovskaya 105 have the least dependence on weather and climatic conditions of the growing period. The maximum realized grain yield averaged 8.55 t/ha during the test years, that indicates a high productivity potential for the created varieties. The calculation of the annual economic effect of the variety changing the base class Simbirtzit to the prospective class Ulyanovskaya 105 allows to obtain an additional net income of 16270 rubles per 1 hа, or more than 1.6 million rubles from 100 hа of sowing area.

The article presents the results of the study of the breeding material of spring barley on the main economic and biological characteristics in order to identify the breeding material promising for wide use in agriculture in the region. The studies were conducted in 2017-2019 in laboratory and field conditions. It was studied 62 varieties created in the Volga region RISS. The studied varieties are characterized by the average duration of the growing season, have a high resistance to lodging, have an average height of the plant. The grain quality of the varieties studied in the competitive variety testing meets the requirements for spring barley grain. Breeding lines with high values of nature, size, low content of small grains (Submedicum 2148/00, Submedicum 2149/17) were identified. The yield of breeding lines was evaluated, a new variety of spring barley Povolzhskiy 49 was isolated and recommended for production.

In the conditions of field experience, on the southern Chernozem, a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers and new fertilizer complexes containing natural enriched glauconite for sunflower, the degree of their influence on the yield and quality of oil seeds, as well as on the nutrient and water regime of the soil was carried out. It was found that the application of mineral fertilizers to the spread (N40P40K40) and their mixtures with enriched glauconite (N74P39K39+G30) on the Precocious 87 variety provided an increase in the yield of oilseeds to the control at the level of 0.53-0.43 t / ha. At the same time, it was found that the composition with a higher dose of fertilizers did not exceed the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers. Reducing the dose of fertilizers in the mix twice and adding them to the row during sowing provided a significant increase in the yield of sunflower 0.42 t / ha, with a significant reduction in production costs