Volume 15, Nº 5 (2025)

The article explores theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the securitization of national identity and provides an overview of contemporary Russian research on this topic. It examines how identity securitization is addressed in the context of both domestic and foreign policy, as well as its construction across the post-Soviet space. The paper presents the results of the author’s original research into the discursive practices of national identity securitization in Tajikistan. The study is grounded in the ideas of the Copenhagen School of securitization, constructivist theory, and the concept of ontological security (D. Laing, A. Giddens), emphasizing that identity – under conditions of globalization, ideological competition, and internal conflict – becomes an object of protection, political mobilization, and institutionalization. The article focuses on the analysis of public speeches by the President of Tajikistan, Emomali Rahmon, as a tool of discursive securitization. Key discursive frames are identified: threat, protection, tradition, consolidation, and modernization. It is shown how references to history, culture, religion, and national memory construct symbolic boundaries between “us” and “them”, legitimize control measures, and reinforce political authority. President Rahmon is presented as the guarantor of national identity, while the national idea is framed as the foundation of societal resilience and security. The article highlights the strategic importance of identity policy for Tajikistan’s domestic consolidation and foreign policy positioning, as well as its potential impact on Russia–Tajikistan relations and migration dynamics. The author also outlines reasons why Tajikistan’s identity policy should be of interest to Russian analysts.

The article examines the theory of the language policy of the Russian Federation in the context of the civilizational factor. Russian Russian currently plays a key role in strengthening Russia’s national security and sovereignty, maintaining its linguistic and civic identity, as well as in understanding the culture and history of the Russian superethnos. Russian Russian is noted for the significant participation of Vladimir Wolfovich Zhirinovsky in the preservation, purity and development of Russian linguistic culture and the Russian language. The importance of the Russian language in all spheres of the country’s life is officially recognized and enshrined in key government documents. The author gives an idea of the ethnogeoplitics of the Russian language. The article provides information about the first ethnopolitician, Sergei Mikhailovich Solovyov, and his significant contribution to the development of socio-political, historical, and linguistic thought in Russia. Russians Russian language. The author highlights the historical panorama of the Russian language and states that the geopolitical position of the Russian people is inextricably linked to the historical path of the Russian civilization, which at each stage of world history has found new ways of existence and asserted itself on a global scale. The article examines the political significance of the Russian language during the Soviet Union and after its collapse. The author concludes that the political geography of the Russian language represents all the national cultures of the Soviet Union, including linguistic ones. The Russian Russian language has gained importance not only as a means of interethnic communication, but also as a channel for comprehending the achievements of Russian, world and national cultures.

The article is devoted to the study of the application of direct marketing tools in the field of public policy and public administration. Based on a review of contemporary literature and practical cases, it is shown that the growing tolerance of audiences toward traditional PR communications makes it relevant to turn to personalized, targeted forms of communication with citizens. The theoretical part reveals the concept of political direct marketing and the specific features of its tools (postal and e-mail newsletters, personalized appeals, targeted advertising, etc.) in comparison with commercial marketing. The empirical analysis includes case studies: Cambridge Analytica as an example of microtargeting in election campaigns and the Moscow platform Active Citizen as a successful tool of direct citizen engagement in governance. The significance of personalized communications and targeting for improving the effectiveness of interaction between government and society (increasing legitimacy, targeted services, voter mobilization) is substantiated. At the same time, the risks of these technologies are identified – from ethical and legal (privacy threats, manipulation of voter behavior) to socio-political (non-transparency of decisions, digital inequality). In conclusion, the article summarizes the prospects for integrating direct marketing into the toolkit of public administration and the need for regulatory measures to minimize potential risks.

This work is devoted to the study of modern migration processes in the Russian Federation from the point of view of their political and legal regulation. The authors examine the main trends of population migration within the country, the impact of political decisions and legal acts on the migration situation, as well as the role of the state in regulating migration flows. Special attention is paid to the issues of adaptation and integration of migrants into Russian society, and the role of state institutions is evaluated, as well as their effectiveness in resolving possible potential conflicts. The purpose of the study is to identify the key problems of Russia’s current migration policy, assess the effectiveness of existing legal mechanisms, and propose improvements to the approaches to managing migration processes. The study is based on the analysis of statistical data, regulatory documents, and scientific literature on migration issues. The work is of interest to scientists studying migration processes, government officials making decisions on migration regulation, and the general public interested in understanding the changes taking place in Russian society.

Contemporary migration processes, characterized by significant intensity in the context of globalization, deepening economic inequality, and intensifying political conflicts, have highlighted the importance of studying recipient states as key factors in shaping migration policy. A recipient state is a country with a predominant direction of migration flows and a positive migration balance over a long period. However, this status is not static and can change depending on the economic situation, political situation, and demographic trends. The global context for the formation of recipient countries is determined, first and foremost, by economic disparities between developed and developing countries, demographic imbalances, and geopolitical transformations. Globalization processes contribute to the intensification of migration flows through the development of transport and communication networks, but simultaneously exacerbate the uneven development of various regions of the world. Key characteristics of recipient countries include a high level of economic development, political stability, a well-developed social security system, and demographic factors – the aging population trend in developed countries, creating a need to attract labor from abroad.

Over the past decades, diplomacy has ceased to be a closed club of suited negotiators and has expanded beyond its boundaries, to social media, film festivals, and even gaming platforms. States no longer limit themselves to closed-door negotiations, seeking to influence not only politicians but also public opinion in other countries. In this spirit, public diplomacy has ceased to be a secondary tool and has become a full-fledged channel of foreign policy influence. This is particularly evident in Russia, where the struggle to maintain the country’s image abroad has become not just a matter of image but a matter of strategic sustainability. The relevance of this topic stems from the fact that international politics is increasingly becoming a competition for trust and sympathy. Amid sanctions pressure, information campaigns, and growing distrust of official communication channels, Russia is forced to seek new ways to convey its position—and public diplomacy is becoming one of the primary tools for this.

Purpose of the study. This article discusses the current problems of unfair state policy implemented through the use of economic measures in the form of regulation of duties, tariffs and other restrictions affecting the economic aspects of the activities of subjects of international law. The current political and economic situation associated with the spread of “trade wars” is analyzed. The purpose of this study is to identify the causes and prerequisites of economic conflicts between states, as well as to find ways and methods of solving this problem. Conclusion. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that there are no international political and economic measures and tools to influence aggressor states that pursue unfair economic policies towards other participants in international relations. To address this issue, it is reasonable to implement a comprehensive modernization of existing international trade and economic relations by creating a modern international regulatory organization in the field of trade relations, endowing it with administrative and authoritative powers over participants in the international market, and making its decisions binding and autonomous. It seems that this organization, provided that it does not have any restraining factors, such as the “veto power”, will be able to prevent the emergence and development of economic conflicts and bring balance to the global economy.

The purpose of this study was to study the frequency, dynamics and semantic orientation of the scientific discourse on the confidence of citizens in the system of voluntary extra-budgetary pension insurance. The work highlights the problems of increasing confidence in the voluntary pension insurance system at the current stage of the country’s development. The prospects and difficulties of this process are considered. The authors conducted a study of published scientific papers on this topic. The authors with special attention approached the issue of demographic imbalance in modern Russia between the able-bodied population and non-working categories of citizens. Particular emphasis is paid to the issues of material support for persons of retirement age. Their role in the current economic and demographic situations is noticeably increasing. The article notes that, unfortunately, insufficient perfection of Russian legislation, as well as obvious gaps in the scientific understanding of the real situation of the problem, lead to a weakening of public confidence in voluntary pension insurance. When writing the article, factual materials accumulated by the authors during their independent research were used. They were the basis for conducting quantitative and qualitative content analysis, as well as comparative research, which helped to identify the problem situation and give preliminary recommendations for solving this problem. Conclusions. The article notes that an important task of sociologists in these conditions is a comprehensive qualitative study of the tools for creating citizens’ confidence in the voluntary pension insurance system in order to increase their involvement in non-state pension programs, as well as legal support for the wider practice of extra-budgetary pension insurance.

The purpose of the article is to form a comprehensive presentation in the prism of the characteristics of its understanding, economic and social characteristics, as a dynamically evolving socio-economic phenomenon. Methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, retrospective research, economic, sociological, legal. Results of the work: an in-depth study of the conceptual and phenomenological essence of the precariat was conducted, the main approaches (American, European, Russian) to the study and explanation of the precariat in real time were formulated, an economic and social characteristic of the modern precariat was given, a prognostic scenario for the further evolution of the precariat was proposed. Conclusions: 1) A single understanding of the precariat, as well as its clear class characteristics today, is absent; 2) In world social science, three major approaches to the study of the precariat have been formed – American, European, Russian; 3) In the foreseeable future, the main source of the precariat will be the digitalization of entire industries and the transfer of professions to AI; 4) The most likely scenario is a negative one, in which the precariat will progress both formally and substantively.

This article analyzes the transformation of legal socialization in the context of digitalization through the lens of a socio-philosophical approach. Online communication is becoming a key factor influencing the emergence of new forms and methods of legal socialization. It provides access to a vast array of legal information, a diversity of views on the essence of law and legal phenomena, and a variety of legal interpretations. At the same time, the internet also provides the preconditions for the emergence of negative phenomena, such as legal nihilism and pessimism. The article notes the importance of understanding the inevitability of the coexistence of primary, traditional legal socialization and secondary legal socialization based on online communication. Moreover, the impact of online communication can both strengthen and weaken the results of primary socialization. The article examines interactive, discussion-based communication among both lawyers and laypersons as an important characteristic of online legal socialization. This article demonstrates the inextricable link between legal socialization and legal awareness, and examines the risks and conditions under which legal awareness can deteriorate. The article focuses on the institutional aspects of legal socialization in the online space and the role of government agencies and public organizations in creating the conditions for developing a mature legal awareness.

The development of crowdfunding has a positive impact on the country’s economy by increasing the resilience of small businesses and reducing their risks. This article presents the results of a study examining Russian companies’ experiences using investment platforms to raise capital. The study was conducted using a quantitative online survey of companies. It was found that Russian companies generally do not use crowdfunding tools or raise capital through investment platforms (crowdlending, crowdinvesting).

Based on an axiological approach, the article reveals the content and priority directions of the ideological and educational process of the Suvorov students of the St. Petersburg (Leningrad) IED. It is noted that during the 70-year period of its existence, the special attention of the officer and teaching staff of the college was focused on the formation of patriotism and high spiritual and moral qualities among graduates. The purpose of the research is to reveal the continuity, content and peculiarity of socio-philosophical positions on the process of forming the slogan of patriotism, morality and culture of future officers of the Russian Army. Conclusions: 1) the article examines the key spiritual values realized by the students of St. Petersburg (Leningrad) IEDs in peacetime and during armed conflicts; 2) the priority directions of the peculiarities of the formation of spiritual, moral and military-professional qualities among Suvorov’s future officers of the Russian Armed Forces are revealed.

The article conducts a political-philosophical analysis of the categories “citizen” and “citizenship”. The evolution of concepts of citizenship and civil liberties from antiquity to the present is examined, along with their transformation in various political contexts. Special attention is paid to the relationship between the concepts of “citizen” and “personality” within the framework of political-legal traditions, as well as the socio-philosophical specificity of citizenship formation in the context of the public sphere. Various approaches to studying the citizen as a political subject are analyzed. Factors influencing the formation of civic position and political participation in modern society are identified.

In order to identify a number of socio-philosophical aspects and foundations, this article examines the modern metascientific concept of “compliance” using linguistic methods developed by Ferdinand de Saussure. The first part presents the key principles of the theory of the linguistic sign and describes two main methods of studying it: synchrony and diachrony. The second part substantiates the extrapolation of linguistic methodology to philosophical research. In the third part, the term “compliance” is examined as a linguistic sign in its diachronic aspect: from the emergence of its root in Proto-Indo-European to subsequent stages of historical transformation of the content of the “signified” in Latin, Vulgar Latin, Old French, and English. The original use of the concept in English is identified in social and religious contexts as voluntary or forced submission to authorities, political circumstances, social norms, diplomatic agreements, canons of faith, etc. Synchronic data is then provided on the current connotations of the term “compliance” in medicine, economics, engineering, law, computer science, and other sciences. A contemporary trend in the application of this concept in religious studies is identified, described as a return to its origins. This example confirms F. de Saussure’s principle of the arbitrariness of the relationship between signifier and signified in a linguistic sign, which invariably rests on historical tradition.

The purpose of this article is to explore the pressing issue of the formation and reproduction of the hero’s image in the media in contemporary Russian society. This will allow us to identify and describe the image of the modern hero and the challenges that arise in its development. This paper emphasizes research methodology. This issue serves as an indicator of society’s vital potential: are there ideals and values that society and its members are willing to defend as existential? Global media actively disseminate popular culture models that deheroization of everyday life and significantly transform traditional values. Results. The hero appears in the public consciousness in a variety of forms. On a theoretical level, this complicates their study, and on a practical level, the formation of a generally accepted image in society is a difficult task. Defining one’s own identity is closely linked to the image of a hero and an understanding of the meaning of heroism. However, self-identification in the context of the blurred new sociality proves to be a complex task. The image of the hero is being distorted in various social groups, where idols, opinion leaders, media personalities, million-follower bloggers, politicians, and the like are beginning to dominate. In modern society, informational (virtual) reality is replacing the real one. Its conventional values, ethical norms invented for temporary consumption, are transferred to reality – to social relations between people. A critical contradiction arises between the world created in informational and virtual space and the world of everyday human existence. Research conducted to monitor the image of the hero in Russian media indicates that the image of the traditional cultural hero (and the hero in general) is underrepresented on social networks and in consumed information products (particularly video and audio content). This is clearly explained by the fact that the emergence of a consumer society in Russia has led to the erosion of traditional values and the infusion into public consciousness of heroic myths alien to the civilizational code of the peoples of Russia through new media, the film industry, advertising, political, and other socio-humanitarian technologies. However, these same tools can be used no less effectively to develop a hero archetype consistent with traditional Russian values. This archetype must be naturally integrated into Russia’s social imaginary landscape, forming an indigenous ecosystem of the heroic.