Vol 10, No 1 (2023)

The dynamics of the level of economic activity of the Russian population at the beginning of the 21st century is analyzed. The number of the labor force is interpreted as the value of the labor supply. The dependence of the level of participation in the labor force on real wages is interpreted as a modified function of the labor supply. Two variants of such a function, which is a regression equation, are considered. These equations are constructed on the basis of different criteria that determine the values of the parameters of the functions under consideration. The modified labor supply functions in both considered variants are linear; and the differences between them are small. The amount of labor supply in Russia is largely determined by non-market factors. The main component of the labor force participation rate is a constant. A small share of economic activity is associated with the minimum wage determined by the legislation. Thus, it also has a non-market character. As a result, it turns out that the market mechanism itself, linking the amount of labor supply with wages, determined in different years only from 3 to 9 percent of the total workforce.

The structural transformation of the labor market during a period of significant technological changes leads to a deterioration in employment opportunities, an increase in wage inequality and, as a result, in the short term, negatively affects the development of human capital. The purpose of this article is to study the features of the structural transformation and polarization of the Russian labor market in the digital economy. Based on the analysis of statistical materials on the national labor market in the period from 2008 to 2021 and the assessment of the probability of computerization of professions using the ISCO-08 classification, the authors conclude that digital transformation leads to improved opportunities for the development of highly qualified jobs in the service sector of the economy, but there is also a significant reduction in jobs requiring an average level of qualification. The originality of the study lies in the combination of methods for analyzing structural indicators of the labor market and assessing the likelihood of computerization of professions to study the phenomenon of digital polarization - a significant reduction in the number of jobs for holders of medium-skilled professions and an increase in the likelihood of crowding out low-skilled jobs due to the adaptation of Industry 4.0 technologies. The results of the study can be used to improve human capital management policies in the Russian regions, since polarization essentially reduces opportunities for mid-level professionals and significantly increases the threshold for investment in education and professional development, which is necessary to obtain competitive wages in the labor market.

The problem of the complexity of ensuring the adjustment of influence managerial instruments on the company's personnel to the change of value demands for the work of representatives of a new generation of labor resources is posed. Typological characteristics of representatives of generation Z are highlighted. These characteristics influence and determine a set of dominant preferences for the choice of content, the nature of work, employment conditions and the place of professional potential realization. The substantiation of the characteristics of the empirical research base consisting of representatives of generation Z who have work experience by the end of their studies at the university is presented. The advantage of the sample of this study is the regional differentiation of labor resources. The dominant criteria of the request for the work of generation Z are highlighted. They are as follows: the relationship of work with the received professional training, the degree of self-realization and the possibility of organizing one's own work, the level of comfort in interaction with management and colleagues, the size of the organization and its location and the speed of career advancement. The less significant parameters of value orientations are as follows: the format of employment and organization of labor activity, the degree of influence on the amount of remuneration and the type of labor market. Taking into account the selected parameters of the labor request, recommendations to HR specialists of companies for the formation of a long-term personnel policy are offered.

The relevance of the study is due to the worldwide spread of non-standard employment in the form of freelancing. The main approaches to the concepts of "freelance" and "freelancer" are considered. The main stages of freelancing development in the world are shown. The main criteria characteristic of such a form of non-standard employment as freelancing are substantiated. One of the main factors for the development of freelancing is the informatization of the modern economy. It consists primarily in increasing the availability of information and communication technology, automating the main business processes, as well as increasing the role of intellectual labor. The authors have identified the main distinguishing features between the following forms of employment: individual entrepreneurs, freelance and self-employment.

Based on the critical analysis of various points of view on understanding the content of existing labor productivity, the concept revealing a new methodological approach to the study of the system education of modern labor productivity is substantiated. This approach is based on a system paradigm. The structure, essence and form of manifestation of the system paradigm are shown. The content of modern labor productivity as a socio-economic system is revealed. The types of labor productivity are critically analyzed. Based on the comparison method inherent in the system paradigm, each of these types of productivity is presented as a relatively autonomous socio–economic system with a common unity, but different sources of its increase.

The article is devoted to the analysis of processes related to changes in the role and place of non-state pension insurance in the pension system of the Russian Federation. Demographic challenges and macroeconomic factors determine the parameters of labor market transformation and cause the need for further reform. High inflation, low incomes of a significant part of the population, low financial literacy in pension provision issues lead to a decrease in the interest of individuals to participate in pension provision programs; and non-state pension insurance is increasingly turning into corporate one. The article proves that non-state pension funds can and should become an institutionally important link in the pension system if effective instruments of state support are found. This should increase the involvement of non-state pension funds in the investment process. The change in the state policy regarding non-state pension funds will allow solving the important social task of increasing the financial security of a certain part of the disabled population, as well as attracting resources to the investment process, which becomes particularly relevant amidst sanctions.

Despite the weakening of isolation with the stability of the incidence rates of Covid-19, a zero tolerance program has been proclaimed in the People's Republic of China. The results of a study of the dynamics of changes in the unemployment rate in China in conditions of zero tolerance to the coronavirus pandemic are presented. In China, there are several approaches to assessing the unemployment rate. Along with the materials of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, which give a picture of the official labour market, there are state statistics.The assessment of the transition in 2018 of China's state statistics to labour accounting according to international standards is given. This influenced the change in the indicators of unemployment assessment. On the one hand, this approach has contributed to a more objective assessment of the situation in the labour market of the largest cities and towns in China, where surveys are conducted. On the other hand, there are still many unresolved problems in the accounting of labour related to the lack of accounting for hidden unemployment. In addition, the approval of the so-called "targets" can artificially restrain the unemployment rate in the face of negative socio-economic shocks.The socio-economic prerequisites for sharp spikes in the increase in the unemployment rate are determined. The conditions and causes of such impulses are revealed. The assessment of socio-economic factors contributing to the growth of this indicator is given. Based on the Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI), an objective pattern of an increase in the unemployment rate has been revealed. It is proved that the deterioration in the socio-economic environment is the main prerequisite for an impulsive increase in the unemployment rate.