№ 6 (2024)

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Articles

The main milestones in the formation and development of agricultural science in Russia (on the 95th anniversary of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences)

Romanenko G., Lachuga Y., Lobachevsky Y.

Аннотация

The article describes the main stages of development of agricultural science in Russia, starting with the works of Lomonosov M. V. and up to the present day. During this period, from individual fundamental studies of outstanding scientists devoted to soil formation, nutrition and photosynthesis of plants, a well-organised system of research institutions was formed, which included 255 research institutions, 51 selection centres for plant growing and livestock breeding, biotechnological and technological centres. More than 14.5 thousand researchers worked in research institutions, half of whom were doctors and candidates of science. The modern Department of Agricultural Sciences unites 287 members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, including 161 academicians and 126 corresponding members. Under their scientific and methodological guidance and direct participation, fundamental and exploratory research is carried out based on scientific and educational institutions subordinate to the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia and the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia. The efforts of the department’s scientists make it possible to annually create about 300 new competitive varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops that are not inferior to world analogues in terms of yield and product quality, about 10 new breeds, types, lines and crosses of animals and poultry, insects and aquaculture, develop about 170 new and improved technologies and technological processes for the production of agricultural raw materials; at least 120 technological methods and techniques for the production of agricultural products; 60…70 units of machines, devices and equipment, 8…10 vaccines, 12…15 preparations and disinfectants; 7…9 biochemical plant protection products.

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2024;(6):3-13
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Agriculture and land reclamation

Modeling crop rotation productivity using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

Kalichkin V., Fedorov D., Maksimovich K.

Аннотация

The study was conducted with the goal of developing a model and forecasting crop rotation productivity using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference. The work utilized data from long-term field experiments (data from 9 types of crop rotations focused on grain production) conducted by the Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Chemicalization of Agriculture (Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) from 1999 to 2019. During the study, an artificial neural network (ANN) training algorithm was applied using a hybrid optimization method, combining the least squares method and backpropagation, to set up fuzzy rules with appropriate membership functions based on input and output data. Based on the use of adaptive neuro-fuzzy modeling and the MATLAB development environment, ANFIS crop rotation productivity model has been developed. The ANFIS rules formed during training allow for fairly accurate determination of significant factor combinations that influence the productivity of the given crop rotations. In predictive modeling of three types of crop rotations, the significant role of winter crops and crop rotation elements in enhancing crop rotation resilience to adverse atmospheric moisture conditions and improving the effectiveness of agrochemical application was revealed. A comprehensive analysis using various accuracy metrics (coefficient of determination – 0.78; root mean square error – 5.66; mean absolute error – 4.31; mean absolute percentage error – 20.07 %) indicates the model has good predictive ability. The developed ANFIS model demonstrates a strong ability to account for complex nonlinear relationships between the features influencing crop rotation productivity and can be used in production decision-making for short- and long-term planning.

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2024;(6):14-20
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the influence of waterregimes of soil and plant protection systems on potato productivity in the lower volga region

Novikov A., Rodin K.

Аннотация

The research was carried out in order to determine the influence of soil water regimes and plant protection systems on the formation of biometric indicators of potato plants and the productivity of commercial tubers. The work was carried out in 2021–2023 in the Volgograd region. The scheme of the field experiment involved the study of the following options: moisture regime in the soil layer of 0…0.4 m (factor A) – not lower than 70 % MMC (A1 ); not lower than 80 % MMC (A2 ); potato plant protection system (factor B) – biological protection system (B1 ); integrated protection system (B2 ); chemical protection system (B3 ). The experiment was carried out in planting Gulliver potatoes on light chestnut heavy loamy soil. The longest growing season of potato plants was noted against a back ground with a moisture regime in the soil layer of 0…0.4 m not lower than 80 % MMC, which, depending on the protection system, varied from 87 (2021) to 102 (2023) days. When maintaining the pre-irrigation moisture threshold in the soil layer of 0…0.4 m at least 70 % MMC, the duration of the growing season of potato plants was lower and varied over the years of research from 85 (2021) to 98 (2023) days. The highest yield of commercial tubers in the experiment was achieved when using biological protective agents in combination with the soil water balance at the level of 80 % MMC at a depth of 0…0.4 m. On average, over three years, the value of this indicator was 26.9 t/ha, which was 5.1 t/ha more than with the use of chemical plant protection products.

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2024;(6):21-24
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Crop production, plant protection and biotechnology

study of collection samples of oil flax in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of the middle volga region

Kazarina A., Shishina A.

Аннотация

The studies were conducted to examine collection samples of oil flax for the main economically valuable traits and to identify the most promising genotypes for involvement in the breeding process. The study was conducted in 2021-2023 in the conditions of the south of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region. The objects of research are 67 collection samples of oil flax of various ecological and geographical origins. The Kinelsky 2000 variety is taken as the standard. The soil of the experimental plot is typical medium-humus medium-deep medium-clayey chernozem. As a result of the study, the collection samples were differentiated into groups based on the main economically valuable traits that determine the technological effectiveness and productivity of flax (duration of the growing season, total plant height, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, elements of the crop structure) in accordance with the broad unified classifier of the CMEA species Linum usitatissium L. (flax). Over the years of study, promising accessions were selected for inclusion in breeding programs as genetic sources of valuable traits: 6 accessions ripening 5-8 days earlier than the standard were selected based on early maturity; 8 accessions exceeding the standard variety by 3.6-13.5 % based on plant height; 11 accessions exceeding the standard by 43.8-87.0 % based on the number of productive capsules per plant; 7 accessions exceeding the standard by 16.9-23.1 based on the number of seeds per capsule; 6 accessions exceeding the standard by 4.4-16.9 % based on the weight of 1000 seeds. Sixteen collection samples were selected (VNIIMK 620, k-4921 (Tajikistan), k-4989 (Ukraine), k-6497 (Kazakhstan), k-6511 (Kazakhstan), Kin x L/2009k, Kin x W/2009k, L-405/2020, Cian (Russia), 27 A-9 (Russia), Betking (Germany), Hindukusz (Afghanistan), Kaufmann (Germany), N.P. 84 (India), Ottawa 5648-M (Canada), Р. 6909 (Czech Republic)) possessing a set of economically valuable traits, the yield of which over the years of research was in the range of 207.8…244.7 g/m², which is 12.1…32.1 % higher than the standard.

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2024;(6):25-30
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study of collection samples of spring wheat carrying the resistance gene lr23 in the environmental conditions of the novosibirsk region

Piskarev V., Boyko N., Aparina V., Sochalova L., Morozova E., Leonova I.

Аннотация

The aim of the study was to identify sources of high expression of agronomic traits of spring wheat and their complex based on the study of collection varieties (2010–2022) carrying the resistance gene Lr23 for breeding in the ecological conditions of the Novosibirsk region. Field studies were carried out in the fields of the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding – a branch of the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2010–2022. Thirty-four varieties of spring wheat of different geographical origin were studied under infectious background conditions (damage assessment according to the Peterson scale) and in field conditions (study according to the VIR method). Indicators of damage by powdery mildew and leaf rust of wheat at infectious field was Skala cultivar, and under conditions of natural spread of infection are Novosibirskaya 67 (2015–2016) and Khakasskaya (2017–2022). The yield and productivity characteristics were study using the VIR methodology, with the Novosibirskaya 15, Novosibirskaya 31 and Sibirskaya 17 varieties serving as standards. The content of macro- and microelements was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry on ContrAA 800 D device. Sources of resistance to leaf rust in wheat under infectious background conditions were identified, carrying the Lr23 gene together with other effective genes (Lr19, SR). In field conditions, the following varieties were not affected by leaf rust (99 points): Meri M 82, Pastor, Lutescens 540, and Yugo-Vostochnaya 2; very high resistance (9 points) was observed in the following varieties: LT-2, Prokhorovka, Gala, Hybrid 21, Dimitrovka 5–14 IZR, Lee, Tulaikovskaya 1, Pyramida, Red River 68, and PV-18. The following varieties had yields at the standard level: Zlata (423.4 g/m2), Khayat (488.2 g/m2), Uralosibirskaya (541.5 g/m2), Olimp (431.1 g/m2), and Bulyak (553.0 g/m2). Sources of high nutrient content in grain can be the following varieties: Sonora 64 (Cu - 4.40, Mn – 51.0, Zn – 42.1, Fe – 62.1, Mg – 1637.5 and K – 5294.0 mg/kg), Pyramid (Cu - 5.22, Mn – 56.3, Fe – 63.1 and Mg – 1616.5 mg/kg), Inia F 66 (Cu – 5.13, Zn – 47.0, Fe – 65.2 and Mg – 1728.5 mg/kg). We recommend these varieties to breeding for resistance, high yield and high content of micro and macronutrients in grain.

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2024;(6):31-39
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Apple varieties of the i. v. michurin federal scientific center as a basis for ensuring the breeding advantage of the biochemical composition of fruits

Saveleva N., Yushkov A., Zemisov A., Borzykh N., Chivilev V.

Аннотация

The research was conducted in 2019–2023 at the I. V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center, Michurinsk, Tambov region. The aim of the work was to identify valuable genotypes of apple trees with an increased content of biologically active compounds in fruits for industrial production and use in further breeding. 15 apple varieties by the I. V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center’s breeding were the objects of the work. It was vatities Uspenskoye, Skala, Vimpel, Flagman, Stela, Bylina, Frigate, Krasulya, Pamyati Nesterova, Blagovest, Academik Kazakov, Munster, Carodeyka, Purpurnoe CGL inncluded at the State Register of breeding achievements approved for use, as well as Gourman variety passing variety testing. Antonovka obyknovennaya and Bogatyr varieties were used as controls. Planting scheme was 6×3 m., year of laying – 2009, rootstock 54–118. The soil type was leached medium-power black soil with a loamy mechanical composition. Fruits biochemical composition study was carried out by generally accepted methods in three-fold repetition. The highest accumulation of vitamin C (mg / 100 g) was noted in the fruits of the Uspenskoye (26.5) and Skala (25.6) varieties, which exceeds the control level (Antonovka obyknovennaya) by 74.3 % and 68.4 %. A high content of P-active compounds (from 231 to 296 mg/100 g) was noted in the varieties Skala, Krasulya, Uspenskoye, which is 9.0… 39.6 % higher than the control (Antonovka obyknovennaya). The Pamyati Nesterova variety in terms of accumulation of SDS (17.5 %) and the amount of sugars (15.2 %) exceed the level of control varieties by 22.4… 63.4 %. The Gourman variety has the highest value of SAI (39.1 units), which exceeds the level of Antonovka obyknovennaya by 4.7 times and Bogatyr by 2.7 times. In terms of chlorogenic acid content the fruits of the Vimpel variety exceeded the average by 38.4 %. Fresh consumption is the main purpose of the obtained apple varieties as well as natural processed products for functional purposes with a high content level of vitamins and biologically active substances production.

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2024;(6):40-43
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Modern methods for healthizing garden crops from viruses

Upadyshev M., Makarov S.

Аннотация

The studies were conducted in 2011–2022 to improve the methods of in vitro treatment of garden crops from harmful viruses by increasing the efficiency of treatment and environmental safety. Salicylic acid at a concentration of 3×10–4 M was used as an antiviral drug in the nutrient medium. Microcuttings at the stage of micropropagation itself for the purpose of treatment from viruses and increasing the reproduction rate, as well as at the rooting stage to increase rooting and improve root development, were treated using a device for magnetic pulse treatment model SMI-5 with magnetic induction pulses with a changing increasing frequency from 0.8 to 51.2 Hz for 10 minutes with a step of 0.2 Hz. When improving the clonal rootstocks of apple and pear trees, the use of salicylic acid made it possible to increase the yield of explants of apple rootstocks free from latent viruses by 11.8–23.7 %, and of pear rootstocks by 38.4–40 %, depending on the type of virus. A low index of latent virus content is observed during complex therapy of apple rootstock explants using salicylic acid, thermo- and magnetic therapy. Magnetic treatment contributed to the improvement of the vegetative development of explants at the propagation stage: the number of shoots increased by 1.6–1.7 times, depending on the culture. At the rooting stage, in microshoots of the studied crops treated with magnetic induction pulses, significant stimulation of rhizogenesis and an increase in the number and length of roots were observed. When planting microplants in non-sterile conditions, magnetic treatment led to an improvement in their survival rate by 8–13 %, depending on the crop. The advantages of magnetic processing include the absence of phytotoxicity, versatility, higher yield of healthy plants, automation and environmental safety of the processing process.

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2024;(6):44-47
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Search for physiologically active compounds among synthesised organic substances of the quinoline series

Vostrikova T., Shikhaliev K., Medvedeva S., Stolpovskaya N.

Аннотация

Various chemicals, growth regulators, stimulating and accelerating the development of plants are introduced into production. Therefore, the search for physiologically active compounds (FAS) and their effective concentrations is relevant. The aim of the work is to study the effect of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-tetrahydroquinoline, 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline and its derivatives on the growth of yellow rhododendron (Rhododendron luteum Sweet) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) to expand the range of application of compounds. The work was carried out in 2018 and in 2021 in the Voronezh region. The studied FAS were divided into tetrahydroquinolines: 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-tetrahydroquinoline (FAS 1), its derivative FAS 3; dihydroquinolines: 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (FAS 2) and its derivatives FAS 4 and FAS 5. Each compound was tested on rhododendron yellow in concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, 0.10 %. Sugar beet seeds were treated with 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline at the same concentrations. For Rh. luteum dihydroquinolines are more effective and, to a lesser extent, tetrahydroquinolines. The increase in the height of Rh. luteum seedlings relative to the control after FAS seed treatment in different concentrations was 18.2…54.5 %, and the height of seedlings was 3.0…61.2 % relative to the control. This fact indicates the long-term preservation of the stimulating effect of synthesized organic substances on the growth of yellow rhododendron. In all variants of concentrations of aqueous solutions of 6-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline, stimulation of sugar beet growth indicators after pre-sowing treatment of undrafted seeds was noted: the length of the leaf blade increased by 5.5…11.7 %, the width of the leaf blade – by 6.5…16.3 %, the number of leaves – by 7.7…20.5 %, the length of the leaf blade petiole – by 14.8…20.3 %, plant survival – by 7.5…11.5 %, relative to the control.

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2024;(6):48-51
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Animal science and veterinary medicine

polymorphism of the β-casein gene and its effect on the dairy productivity of cattle the ural region

Shatalina O., Yaryshkin A.

Аннотация

β-casein is a protein consisting of a chain of 224 amino acids, which accounts for about 30 % of all milk proteins. There are two main alleles of the β-casein gene: A1 and A2. Variant A1 differs from A2 by only one amino acid. Researchers have revealed an association between the carrier of the A2A2 β-casein genotype in cows and the absence of milk allergy in people who consume it, as well as the effect of the β-casein gene polymorphism on milk parameters necessary for cheese making. The aim of the study was to study the polymorphism of the β–casein gene in Holstein cows of the Sverdlovsk region and its effect on milk productivity. The work was carried out in 2023 on 221 individuals of Holstein cattle belonging to a breeding agricultural organization in the Sverdlovsk region. The genotyping of animal DNA by the β-casein gene was carried out using the 7500 Real Time PCR System (Applied Biosystem) device using the 7500 Software V.2.0.1 program. Data on dairy productivity of cows were taken from the IAS «SELEX» program – Dairy cattle. The frequency of occurrence of the A1A1 genotype was 15.4 %, the A1A2 genotype was 42.5 % and the A2A2 genotype was 42.1 %. The frequency of the A1 allele was 36.7 %, the A2 allele was 63.3 %. Milk yield for 305 days of the first lactation of carriers of the A1A1 genotype was 11697 kg, A1A2–11639 kg, A2A2–11378 kg. The mass fraction of fat in cows with the A1A1 genotype is 3.65 %, A1A2 is 3.73 %, and A2A2 is 3.69 %. There was no significant difference between the indicators of milk yield and fat mass fraction between carriers of different beta-casein genotypes. The mass fraction of protein in cows with the A2A2 genotype was 3.16 %, which is 0.02 % (p<0.05) more carriers of the A1A2 genotype and 0.09 % (p<0.001) more carriers of the A1A1 genotype.

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2024;(6):52-55
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Changes in the expression profile of TRPM2 and RYR2 genes during the maturation of the chick thermoregulation system as a result of dosed low-temperature exposure during the sensitive period of early embryogenesis

Fedorova E., Chugunova E., Pozovnikova M.

Аннотация

The studies were conducted to assess the involvement of candidate genes TRPM2 and RYR2, presumably associated with high adaptive abilities of chickens in early ontogenesis, in the processes of thermoregulation and thermal adaptation under hypothermic stress. The work was carried out on chickens of the Russian Snow-White gene pool breed (isolated for thermal resistance of chicks at low temperatures) and Amrox (selection for thermal resistance was not carried out). To «reprogram» the adaptive patterns of the regulatory characteristics of the temperature homeostasis system, dosed low-temperature exposure (+14…+16 °C, 6 h) was used during the sensitive period of early embryogenesis (day 5 of incubation). In day-old chicks, a change in the orientation of metabolic processes was evaluated, and in 14-day-old chicks, additionally, a change in the level of adaptive abilities after exposure to a low-temperature stress factor (+7 °C, 1 hour) in a comparative aspect (experimental groups vs control groups that were not cooled). The relative expression of the TRPM2 and RYR2 genes in tissue samples of embryos and chicks was determined by PCR. For 14-day-old chicks of the Russian Snow-White breed, the strength of the impact of the abiotic stress factor was probably insufficient to cause serious changes in the metabolic processes of the body. A single dosed cooling of Amrox embryos led to changes in the body reaction rate of the chicks of the experimental group, which survived until the age of 14 days. Chicks of this group are better adapted to cold stress, lipids and proteins are mainly used as an energy substrate and the mechanisms of non-shivering thermogenesis in muscles are used to maintain body temperature. This is confirmed by differences in the expression patterns of the RYR2 and TRPM2 genes, the level of relative expression of which in the pectoral muscle of chicks of the experimental groups is higher than in the control (in Amrox chicks by 2.5 times). Dosed single low-temperature exposure during the sensitive period of early embryogenesis can help to increase the adaptive abilities of the body of chicks up to 14 days of age in conditions of hypothermic stress.

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2024;(6):56-62
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Antioxidant status of quails with the complex use of probiotic and zeolite

Gerasimenko V., Eremina A., Sycheva M., Ezhova O., Shakhov V., Mustafin R.

Аннотация

The study was conducted to determine the effect of the combined use of Enterococcus faecium RCAM05160 culture and synthetic zeolite NaX on the antioxidant status of Phoenix quail. In addition to the main diet, the experimental group of birds were given daily, from the age of one day, a suspension of E. faecium RCAM05160 culture with a cell concentration of 1×109 in 1 ml at a rate of 0.1 ml per 1 kg of live weight and synthetic zeolite NaX in an amount of 3 % of the feed weight together with the main diet. The duration of the experiment was 42 days. The antioxidant status of the quail body was assessed by the following parameters: activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ceruloplasmin, concentration of malonic dialdehyde, antioxidant activity of blood plasma. In the experimental group, the activity of superoxide dismutase at the end of the observation period was statistically significantly higher than in the control group by 7.0 %, catalase – by 30.2 %, ceruloplasmin – by 33.5 %. The concentration of malondialdehyde, one of the main products of lipid peroxidation, on the 42nd day of the experiment in the experimental group was lower by 13.6 %, and the total antioxidant activity was higher by 20.7 %. Throughout the experiment, the greatest increase in live weight was observed in quails of the experimental group. The yield of semi-eviscerated and eviscerated carcasses in the experimental group was higher by 6.67 % and 9.49 %, respectively. The combined use of E. faecium RCAM05160 culture and synthetic NaX-type zeolite in quail cultivation has a positive effect on the antioxidant status of quails, live weight dynamics and meat productivity indicators.

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2024;(6):63-67
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Constitutional constants as biomarkers of the state immune system of animal

Ezdakova I., Kapustina O., Grigoriev A.

Аннотация

Correlation constants are quantitative indicators of the relationship between the structural components of the immune system. A change in their magnitude and orientation is an indicator of the instability of the immune system, leading to the development of the disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the constitutional constants of immunological parameters during experimental BLV infection of sheep as biomarkers of immunogenesis. The level of immunoglobulins in blood serum was determined by simple radial immunodiffusion with poly- and monoclonal antibodies to IgM and Ig G. Determination of the relative number of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the blood of sheep was carried out according to standard methods. To assess the relationship between indicators, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The strength of correlation was assessed according to the Chaddock scale. At all stages of the study, a negative correlation between the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes remained, although its values were unstable. A decrease in the strength of the correlation between the parameters of neutrophils and lymphocytes was noted only on the 3rd day after infection, then on the 7th month of immunogenesis, which could be associated with an increase in the number of neutrophils and the development of bacterial complications. It was established that the constitutional constant of IgG/IgM changed from the 1st day of the immune response. A significant decrease in the strength of the correlation occurred in the period from 7 to 14 days of the immune response. The unstable of the dynamics of the relationship between “early” and “late” immunoglobulins shows how the pathogen blocks the synthesis of virus-neutralizing antibodies, which can lead to the development of immunopathology. But with a high negative correlation (r = –0.7–0.9) between the indicators of neutrophils and lymphocytes, the adaptive capabilities of the immune system are preserved, since it is this correlation constant that is a priority in viral infections. The conducted studies showed the promise of using constitutional constants as biomarkers of various stages of immunogenesis.

Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka. 2024;(6):68-71
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