卷 6, 编号 4 (2022)

The analysis of the effectiveness of small business in the Trans-Baikal Territory in the context of individual activities based on statistical data for the period from 2017 to 2021 was conducted. In order to group the types of small business activities according to development efficiency, the calculation of the advance coefficients was made. The ratio of labour productivity growth rates and average wages were taken into account. The types of activities that have positive, satisfactory and unsatisfactory dynamics of development are identified. Possible manifestations of the hidden shadow economy have been identified within the groups.

As in any sector of the economy, there are also shadow segments in tourism. Shadow activity in tourism not only pose a threat to countries' economic security, but also contradict the global vector of world economic, cultural and societal development, including the implementation of sustainable development goals. The article examines the sex segment of the tourism market, which is becoming an increasingly popular and is most commonly associated in academic literature with trafficking in women and children for sexual exploitation. Most often, this type of tourism activity is considered in terms of destinations such as Thailand, the Dominican Republic and Kenya. These countries are not at the highest level of socio-economic development. The participants in this shadow segment of the tourism industry include not only emerging economies, but also highly developed countries. The authors conducted a cluster analysis of the destinations highlighted on the Internet as the most typical destinations for sex travel. The differences between popular male and female sex destinations were substantiated. Male sex destinations include countries with less socio-economic development and illegal prostitution. This explains the association of sex tourism with the trafficking and sexual exploitation of women and children. Women choose more socially and economically developed countries with legalised prostitution. The place and participation of the Russian Federation in this shadow segment of the tourism market is examined. The results of the study may be useful for scholars engaged in research on both the shadow economy and the sphere of travel, tourism and hospitality.