History and Modern Perspectives

The article examines the genesis and development of the civilizational approach. The author concludes that civilizational theory is becoming dominant in political, philosophical, cultural and historical discourses. At the same time, the modern civilizational approach is Eurocentric, impoverishes human creativity, dooming all non-Western paths of development to extinction. Considering the civilizational ideas of O. Spengler, A. Toynbee, F. Braudel, P. Sorokin, K. Jaspers, S. Huntington and others, the author comes to the conclusion that none of these approaches provides a convincing explanation for the reasons for the emergence of civilizations, and cannot fully explain their development, since they do not take into account man as a subject of their creation and development. The idealistic approach to history solves the problem of civilizations in a radically different way, believing that civilizations are created by specific people based on the ideas that underline their historical actions and creativity. Civilizations are considered by the author as a subjective-objective reality created by people based on different worldviews, as systems of hierarchically organized ideas. From the standpoint of the idealistic approach, Russian civilization is not a single socio-cultural formation. In its development, it consistently passes through four ideological forms: pagan, Orthodox, communist, liberal.

Relevance. The activities of the Supreme Commander's Headquarters for the interaction of troops during the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation are its most important component. Knowledge of the structure, content and procedure of maintaining interaction during the operation will allow us to study the historical experience of his leadership and the possibilities of using the acquired knowledge in modern conditions. The purpose of the article is to familiarize with the activities of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief's Headquarters (VGK) in directing the interaction of troops during the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation, as well as a private offensive operation in East Prussia in the Augustow area conducted by the troops of the Northwestern Front and to cover the enemy from the southwestern direction from the Carpathians. Methodology. The use of basic modern research methods such as historical-systemic, historical-typological and synthesis of information from published sources and archival documents allowed us to study a fairly large number of historical documents of the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander, the North-Western and South-Western fronts in the First World War. Results. The study reveals the sequence and content of the activities of the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief (VGK), the field directorates of the fronts for directing the interaction of troops during the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation. Conclusions. Based on the reviewed historical and analytical documents. The structure of the activities of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief's Headquarters (VGK) for directing the interaction of troops during the Warsaw-Ivangorod operation is revealed. Conclusions are drawn about the methods of maintaining the interaction of troops and the sequence of achieving sustainable interaction during the operation.

The article presents new facts of assistance not only from central authorities, but also from the Ural region to the western regions of the country liberated from the Nazi invaders at the final stage of the Great Patriotic War, as well as assistance in the opposite direction with agricultural products. The great interest and high level of competence of the decision-making bodies in this work are shown. From the directive documents it is clear how meticulously they approached the preparation of each decision and how strictly they controlled the implementation of the adopted documents. To write the article, as a rule, previously uninvolved in scientific circulation documents from the central union and regional archives were used.

The article examines the active operations of the Pskov branch of the main bank of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century and the reasons for their weak development. The Pskov branch opened its operations in 1865, being located for a long time either in government premises or renting private apartments. Only in 1910 did the branch acquire its own building. Among the branches of the State Bank, this branch was one of those that served a very narrow circle of business people of the Pskov province. Situated in a poorly developed economic region, the branch could not claim any significant financing of the local national economy. In addition, the poorly organized work of the branch, excessive bureaucratization of the loans made prevented it from achieving decent results in providing local business circles with cheap credit. An important role in the unsuccessful activities of the branch was also played by the accounting and loan committee, which was very careless about its duties.

The article examines the issue of the participation of the Ural Turbomotor Plant in the production of engines for the famous BelAZ. Based on archival documents and materials from large-circulation newspapers, the history of the development and implementation of Ural engines in the design of the Belarusian heavy-duty truck, as well as the extensive work of the teams of both plants to improve their operational efficiency, is studied. The role of party and public organizations in the implementation of organizational and technical measures to produce an efficient engine is also touched upon. All this is an example of interregional economic cooperation in the late USSR. The purpose of the article: To study the history of cooperation between the Ural Turbomotor Plant and the Belarusian Automobile Plant in the Soviet period, with an emphasis on the development and improvement of diesel engines for quarry dump trucks. Methods: The work uses a historical method, including an analysis of archival data and publications in the press (in the plant newspaper). The characteristics of Ural diesel engines are compared with foreign analogues, and problems that arose during operation and production are analyzed. Conclusions: The article demonstrates a complex and multi-stage process of creating and implementing new diesel engines for BelAZs.

The article analyzes the process of changes in the Russian educational system that took place during the Russian revolution, Civil war and the beginning of «socialist construction». The author focuses on the contradictions that occurred during attempts to reform the spheres of primary, secondary general and secondary specialized education in Ekaterinburg (since 1924 — Sverdlovsk), which was a large industrial and administrative center of the Urals. The article notes that starting in 1917, until the end of the 1920s, the administrative structures of the city, representing first the Provisional Government, then Bolshevik Dictatorship, White Guard regime, and again the Soviet government, sought to solve the problems of education in accordance with their ideological and political views. As a result, in the context of the social upheavals experienced by the country, the formation of Ekaterinburg-Sverdlovsk educational system took place in an acute political struggle, which included persecution of teachers and students who did not share the position of the established government, and even the use of direct violence against opponents. Ultimately, the article concludes that the Bolsheviks who returned to Ekaterinburg after the expulsion of the White Guards managed, based on the decisions of higher authorities, to organize centralized management of public education, putting it under the control of the Party-Soviet bodies. This made it possible, having overcome the difficulties of the New Economic Policy related to limited funding, to create a fully capable educational system and achieve significant success in the process of eliminating illiteracy.

Purpose of the study. The article examines an important classical study problem — the chronological and historical context of poetic pictures and images in Homer's Odyssey. The purpose of the article is to identify the historical realities of the Homer's story about the ideal society and state of the Phaeacians, who showed hospitality to Odysseus and returned him to his native Ithaca. The author analyzes the evidence of ancient authors about the time and place of Homer's life, comparisons that reflect Homer's personal Ionian impressions, compares the description of Scheria, the state of the Phaeacians, with the data of the archaeological research of the Ionian settlement Smyrna and Assyrian palaces, finding in this evidence of the poet's belonging to the world of Ionian emerging policies connected by political and trade relations with the Near Eastern states. Conclusions. Based on the research conducted, the author comes to the conclusion that the location of Scheria, its land order, fortifications and the palace complex of king Alcinous represent a poetic fusion that reflects the real Greek world of Homeric Ionia, as well as the stories of Greek traders and travelers about the mind-blowing palaces and gardens of the Assyrian kings.

The apotheosis of political life in the United States is the presidential election. In order to qualify for this election as candidates, party representatives must prove to the public and the leadership of their parties their readiness to become the leader of the nation. Lack of experience or knowledge in a particular area of life can be a serious obstacle on the path to the White House. In any case, candidates try to demonstrate their competence in both domestic and foreign policy issues of the United States, even if this does not correspond to reality. It is interesting to study the experience of Senator Lyndon B. Johnson, who considered as a master of domestic politics, but a weak specialist in foreign policy issues. Johnson planned to put forward his candidacy in the presidential election of 1960. During the preparation for the election campaign, he proved himself to be a successful negotiator, a person capable of resolving conflicts and quickly grasping the essence of current problems on the international agenda. His assistants were able to provide their patron with a corresponding PR campaign in the press. But this was not enough. Lyndon Johnson's busy duties as the leader of the Senate majority and his reluctance to delve deeply into the details of international relations led to him limiting himself to populist statements, widely advertised by his office. As a result, the Texas senator's neglect of foreign policy issues led to the United States getting bogged down in the Vietnam conflict, when Johnson became president after the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

The article examines the problem of the development of relations between Russia and Turkey at the present stage and in the short term. The difficult geopolitical situation indicates the existence of disagreements of the two countries and does not allow reaching a compromise. At the same time, Moscow and Ankara are interested in ensuring national interests and seeking to strengthen their positions in the international arena. The Middle East (primarily Syria), Central Asia and Transcaucasia, and the Black Sea region are places where the views of the two countries’ leaders intersect. On the one hand, Russia and Turkey are ready to join forces to combat new challenges and threats and on the other hand they consider each other as competitors. In this regard, their next confrontation in the context of geopolitical instability cannot be ruled out. Despite the existing differences, Moscow and Ankara continue to develop a multifaceted partnership. This indicates the desire of the two countries to follow the main provisions of the Joint Declarations of 2004 and 2009 which finally formed the regulatory framework. The purpose of the article is to identify possible scenarios for Russian-Turkish interaction.

This paper examined the contributions of the Society for Human Rights Organization in the development of Education in Nigeria. The research employs a primary data in which 200 questionnaires were administered to respondents to ascertain the public perception of the activities of Human Rights Organization in the Nigerian educational sector. The descriptive and inferential statistics were used in analyzing the data. The Linear regression analysis was used to analyze the collected data in order to explain the relationships between its variables. The use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22 were used to analyzed the result, and also Linear Probability Model (LPM) using OLS as well as Probit and marginal probit to analyze the dependent variables as suggested by Wooldridge (2012). The paper reveal that, there are positive impacts of these organizations, and suggest their continued engagement in Nigeria which is crucial for its educational development.

In the historical and scientific aspect, the article examines the biography, creative heritage and contribution to the study of the phenomenon of salt lakes and karst of the Urals of the outstanding Russian scientist, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences Alexei Ivanovich Dzens-Litovsky (1892-1981). Little-known pages of the scientist's scientific life are studied and presented, and his contribution to Uralic studies, as well as his place in the circle of outstanding Russian naturalists of that time, are shown. Its key status in the study of salt lakes of the USSR, their industrial and balneological development, in the establishment of Soviet-Chinese scientific cooperation in the study of salt lakes and the development of salt deposits is shown. Within the framework of the modern worldview, the role of A.I. Dzens-Litovsky in the comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of the formation of salts and salt lakes in the evolution of the geographical shell, their role for industry and balneology, the solution of urgent ecological and scientific-technical problems, the formation of modern nature-like technologies is noted.

The purpose of the study. The article analyzes the discourse of the newspaper «Izvestia» on the basis of materials published in the June 22–24 issues in the 1941–2021, reveals the content and evolution of the image of the first day of the war as a landmark place in the historical memory of the Great Patriotic War. Conclusions. Newspaper periodicals in the Soviet Union during the war years were an important state information and propaganda tool that formed patriotic values and behaviors «hot on the trail» and strengthened faith in the Victory of the Soviet people. In the national historical memory, ideas about the war are primarily related to the events of that day (June 22, 1941), which largely determined the further course of the war. In the newspaper content of the war and post-war period, it is possible to record the evolution of accents in the process of selecting what is to be «remembered» and «forgotten». The ideas that have developed in the newspaper space over eight decades about the tragic date of June 22, 1941 include political propaganda (opportunistic content) and essential (valuable) historical content (timeless).

The review contains an analysis of a monographic study by the famous Smolensk historian D. A. Ivochkin, devoted to the activities of bishops in the development of provincial society in the Smolensk province in the second half of the XIX — early XX century. Their ministry was carried out in several directions: social, subjective and creative, religious and ascetic, spiritual and educational, cultural and educational. The monograph details the biographies of the bishops, shows the stages of their ministry, taking into account the church and social circumstances in which their activities took place.

The review provides a description of the book by prof. V. V. Zapariy, which is the result of his more than twenty years of work in the field of studying and historical assessment of the industrial heritage of the Urals and Russia in the world cultural heritage. A historical and historiographical assessment is given of both his research and organizational detail as the National Representative of Russia in the International Committee for the Preservation of Industrial Heritage, his personal contribution to the creation of scientific tools for this scientific direction, popularization of the national industrial heritage both in the country and abroad.