Vol 5, No 2 (2023)

The goal of this article is to find out the influence of worldview on thinking and historical writing. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the author's idealistic approach. The article shows the influence of worldview on the process of thinking and creating an image of the past. The role of ideas in the process of perception of the external world, the formation of experience and imagination is determined. The dependence of the way of thinking on the dominant worldview in the mind of the historian is substantiated. The possibility and conditions for understanding the thinking and logic of people of a certain historical era are revealed. The characteristics of the ways of thinking in different worldview eras are given. The influence of the worldview on the historical actions of people is clarified, and the concept of subjective-objective reality is substantiated. In conclusion, the author concludes that the way of thinking and its logic are determined by the dominant worldview. The worldview and the corresponding way of thinking determine the historical activity of a person, therefore the main task of the historian in creating an image of the past is to understand what ideas underlay historical action.

The history of military educational institutions dates back to the time of Peter the Great and is an important page in the social history of the origin and development of education in Russia. Artillery and engineering military educational institutions and the School of Mathematical and Navigation Sciences were among the first special educational institutions that performed an important state task of training command personnel and specialists in the field of naval, artillery and engineering. The article traces the history of the creation and subsequent development during the first quarter of the XVIII century of individual elements of the national system of military personnel training. The already known individual information and data concerning military educational institutions that functioned in the XVIII century are supplemented and expanded by poorly studied materials and archival sources that have not been introduced into scientific circulation. Attention is focused on certain aspects of the organization of the educational process and daily life in them. The author concludes that despite all the difficulties that the state and military administration had to face when establishing and launching the first military special schools, their further functioning in the first quarter of the XVIII century marked a new stage in the development of domestic military special education and enlightenment. Previously unpublished sources are introduced into scientific circulation.

The purpose of the publication, based on currently declassified documents, is to investigate the actual problem of the evolution of state policy in the field of computer technology development in the USSR in the 1950s. The conclusion is formulated that the «cold war», the unfolding scientific and technological revolution stimulated the implementation of their own projects in the field of information technology and hardware platforms in the USSR. A significant factor that determined the creation of various domestic computers in the early 1950s was the support at the state level of developments independent of Western analogues. The continuous growth in demand for calculating machines and the release in 1956 of a number of government decisions on the creation of new types of such machines forced the leadership of various departments to take urgent measures to accelerate the development of the mathematical engineering industry. In the period from 1955 to 1957, samples of high-performance computing and mathematical machines were created. A number of them were sent to mass production. Computer centers were created on the basis of new computer technology. However, in general, the development of computer technology in the country lagged behind the United States. The documents allow us to identify a number of factors that determined the braking of this process: the industrial management reform being carried out at that time, the departmental approach, the lack of understanding by the country's leadership of the special significance of this area of industrial and scientific and technical policy, the absence of a single center coordinating this work. The Scientific Council on Computer Technology and Control Systems of the State Committee of the USSR Academy of Sciences for Science and Technology and the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences was established only in 1966.

The article is written on a topic not very popular among historians, dedicated to the most important branch of non-ferrous metallurgy, copper, in one of the leading metallurgical regions in Russia — the Urals. The issues of the industry's exit from the most powerful crisis associated with the transition from a planned to a market economy are considered. The changes that have taken place in the non-ferrous metallurgy sub-sector in the context of the formation of new market structures are shown. When writing the article, data from the Union of Entrepreneurs of the Sverdlovsk Region were used.

In the Russian archeology an opinion about the egalitarian appearance of the Neolithic settlements of the Halaf culture in Northern Mesopotamia was established. An assumption about the correspondence of its social structure to the level of chiefdom was made. However, no special studies in this direction have been carried out until now. This article contains the experience of identifying of social information from the archaeological sources of settlements in North-Eastern Syria. Developing the idea of the multicomponent specific of large settlements, the data that the link of social unification was a large family community are showed. Modern knowledge about the settlements allow to suggest that leaders of large-family communities exercised control over the development of specific sections of the settlement. Rare structural elements in housing construction (stone foundation, different qualities of wall plastering, floor covering, stone paving of the yard), which were not in the tradition of the Halaf cultural population, allow to consider them as signs of property and social gradation. In Russian and foreign science, a high level of pottery production in the Halaf culture has been noted. It is noted that the formation of independent production activity began with pottery, whereas in the relatively northern territories of Eurasia, many centuries later, this process began with metallurgy. This constitutes a feature of the ancient history of Mesopotamia.

The purpose of the research. The article examines the history of the trade expansion of German capital in East Asia, and, in particular, in Korea in the late XIX — early XX centuries on the example of the activities of one of the largest European trading houses «Eduard Meyer & Co». Conclusions. Until the middle of the XIX century, the German bourgeoisie wasn’t able to actively participate in colonial and semi-colonial trade expansion in non-European countries, it has begun only with the development of capitalism in the country. The liberal bourgeoisie of the German Empire sought to open non-European markets and conduct business in the spirit of free trade and competition. This process is clearly visible on the example of the activities of the largest German trading company in East Asia called «Eduard Meyer &Co». Its trade expansion in Korea began in the 1880s, when P.G. von Möllendorf held influential posts in Korean government. The company has received numerous commercial projects from the Korean government, such as the supply of equipment for a new Korean coin, the sale of weapons, the construction of telegraph lines and the maritime transportation. After the resignation of P.G. von Möllendorff, «the Eduard Meyer & Co.» had to join the struggle for concessions and economically profitable projects along with other foreign companies in Korea, and this struggle did not always end in success. In difficult conditions of the company «Eduard Meyer & Co» managed to adapt its own trading model to the Korean realities, which has worked successfully for several decades.

The article is devoted to the study of the chemical composition and assessment of the quality of the metal of Russian copper coins of the 18^th–early 20^th centuries. Coins of this period are common in museum and private collections. However, the problem of metal purity and features of its composition is practically not covered. These issues are of interest for understanding the development processes and assessing the state of the Russian non-ferrous metallurgy in this period and, in particular, the Ural copper industry, since this industry has been and still remains one of the leading ones in the Ural and a significant part of Russian copper coins were minted in Yekaterinburg. To determine the chemical composition of coin metal, a non-destructive method of metal analysis, X-ray fluorescence analysis, was used in the work. At the same time, the problem of the presence of a corrosive layer on the surface of coins, the removal of which is not always possible for reasons of the preservation of the artifact, is solved. A method for using X-ray fluorescence analysis is proposed taking into account the phase composition of the surface layer. It is shown that the purity of copper remained above 99% in the studied sample of coins, which characterizes the high level of the Russian copper industry in the 18th-19th centuries. The presence of natural micro impurities of various composition and concentration in copper indicates the use of metal from various sources. The paper shows the effectiveness of using X-ray fluorescence analysis to determine the chemical composition of the metal of coins, which contributes to a more complete attribution of artifacts. The approaches developed in this work can be useful in the study of artifacts based on copper alloys.

The article summarizes the results of the study in the literature of the XXI century of the history of Yekaterinburg-Sverdlovsk, celebrating its 300th anniversary in 2023. It is concluded that the modern period of studying the history of the city is qualitatively different from the previous historiographical tradition. The main difference is that in Soviet times and in the first post-Soviet decade, history was studied within the framework of a single dominant ideology.As a result of the emergence of new theoretical paradigms in the 21st century, the history of Yekaterinburg-Sverdlovsk is studied from the positions of various theoretical approaches. Following various scientific paradigms affects the problems of scientific research on the history of the city. The modern period of the study of history is distinguished by a variety of genres of research. There are scientific and popular studies designed for various categories of readers. Among the scientific research there are generalizing works on the history of the city; works devoted to various stages of its history; problem studies. The study of the history of the city is conducted in an interdisciplinary manner, historians, political scientists, cultural scientists, philologists, specialists in the field of urban studies make a great contribution to scientific study.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between the citation of historians and the expertly determined reputation rating. Comparative shortcomings of scientometrics and expert assessments are noted. Using the scale of reputation ratings based on the results of a sociological survey conducted by M. M. Sokolov and the data of the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), the author calculates the Spearman rank correlation coefficients between these indicators. At the same time, it turns out that there is no correlation between reputation with a five-year total citation according to the RSCI and citation (both general and five years) according to the core of the RSCI. A weak correlation of reputation with long-term total citation according to the RSCI is found, however, this correlation also becomes insignificant after the exclusion of the unique data of B. N. Mironov.

This article is dedicated to Valentina Dometjanovna's research activities on the occasion of her 90th birthday. Valentina Dometjanovna is a rare type of researcher: an archaeologist-philosopher. Her archaeological theory, «Scientific Research in Archaeology. Archaeology» and «The Thing and the Sign in Archaeology». She is the author of more than 180 scientific articles. During her life she conducted field research in the middle reaches of the Tura River, upstream and downstream of the Tavda River, on Andreevskoye Lake near Tyumen, on the island «Kamennye palatki» near the village of Palkino in the Zheleznodorozhny district of Yekaterinburg.

The review contains the analysis of the book of tatar ethnographers and historians R. V. Abianov and M.A. Safarov devoted to the study of one of the groups of the tatar ethnos localized around the ancient city of Mordovia Temnikov. Temnikov fortress from the deep antiquity was an outpost on the territory of the northern limits of the tatar world. The material for the book was collected during the expeditions to this region where the authors made an attempt to analyze the ritual practices, sacred landscape, perception of neighbors, book culture and collective memory of the Temnikov Tatars on the basis of numerous testimonies of local residents.

The book was written by the famous Russian historian, Doctor of Historical Sciences I.N. Yurkin and is dedicated to the personality of the founder of the famous Demidov dynasty of industrialists, Nikita Demidov. The book provides new, refined data on this person, summarizes all previously published information about this person, and thus contributes to the development of our history and understanding of the role of personality in historical processes.