CONCILIAR IDENTITY AS SOCIAL INSTITUTE

详细

It is considered the institution of social indication and conciliar identity as social institute.

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B Kaqecrne COUliaJJbHOro HHCTHTYTa, HCX0,!1.ll HJ npHHUHilOB COUHaJJbHbIX JilHCTHTYTOB, He MO)l(eT COCTOJITbC.ll 6e3 TOJJepaHTHOCTH Ji! COBepmeHCTBOBaHHll o6mecTBeHHbIX OTHOWeHJilH. ToJJepaHTHOCTb (naT. tolerantia) 03Ha'laeT TeprrHMOCTb . TaKoe nOHJilMam1e JaKpenJJeHO Ji! B .D:eKJJapaUHH npHHU.HilOB TOJJepaHTHOCTH , npOB03rnameHHOtl H no.u.nHCaHHOH IOHECKO 16 HO.ll6p.ll 1995 r. (e TOM )Ke ro.u.y nepeso.u. .D:eKJJapaUHH c aHrnHHCKoro «Declaration of princip es on tolerance» Ha pycCKHH ll3b!K 6bIJI 3aperHCTpHpOBaH KaK «.lJ:eKJJapauHJI npHH noe TepnHMOCTH» ). B CT. I rosopHTCJI, 'ITO «TOJJepaHTHOCTb - 3TO )'Ba)l(eHHe, npHH.lITJile H IlOHJilMaHHe 6oraToro MHOroo6pa3HJI KYJlbTYP 'leJIOBe'leCTBa, HaWHX <t>opM caMOBbipa)l(eHHll H cnoco6oe npOllBJJeHHl% qeJJOBe'leCKOH HH,!l.JilBJil,!1.YaJJbHOCTH ; .no6po.neTeJJb, KOTOpall .ztenaeT B03MO)l(HblM ,!l.OCTH)l(eHHe MHpa H cnoco6cTByeT 3aMeHe KYJJhTYPbI BOHHbI KYJJbTYPOH MHpa; He ycrynKa, CHHCX0)!(,!1.eHHe HJIH nOTBOpCTBO; OTKa3 OT .norMaTHJMa, OT a6comOTH3aUHJil HCTHHbl Ji! YTBep)!(,!1.eHHJI HOpM, ycTaHOBJleHHb X B Me)l(,ll.yttap0.1lHbIX npaBOBbIX aKTaX B o6nacrn npas qenoeeKa» [16]. TaKoe TOJJKOBamte noMoraeT pacKpbITb cymttoCTb TOnepaHTHOCTH B COUJilaJibHOM acneKTe, ee OHTOJIOrH'le- <!>wioco<Jnm u COTJUOJIOZUJI image CKHH, rHOCeonorw1eCKHH H aKCHOJIOrw:ieCKHH acneKTbl. .D;peBHHe cpHnococp1>1 npe.nocTeperanH : «Tpex sew.el{ H)')KHO H36eran. (s )l(H3HH): HeHaBHCTH, 3aBHCTH, n"pe3peHH.ll». Om1pa.sic1> Ha 3TO BbICKa3btBaHHe, MO)l(HO onpe.neJIHTh OCHOBHbte H,UeH <t>opMHpOBaHHR TOJiepaHTHOCTH: l . Ysa)l(eHHe, npHHRTHe H npasHJibHOe noHHMaHHe 6oraTOro MHoroo6pa3HR KyJih'fYP Hamero MHpa, <t>opM caMOBblpa)l(eHJ-111 H npoRBJieHHR qeJIOBe'leCKOH HH.ll.HBHJzyaJibHOCTH. TIOIDITHe, 03Ha'laJOW.ee OTKa3 OT .norMaTH3Ma, OT a6comorn3aUHH HCTHHbI H yrsep)l(.naromee HOpMbt, ycTaHOBJieHHbte B Me)l(,nyHapo.nHo-npaBOBbIX aKTaX B o6JiaCTH npas qenoseKa. He ycrynKa, CHHCXO)l(.ll.eHHe HJIH npHTBOpCTBO, a, npe)l(.D,e BCero, aKTHBHOe OTHOWeHHe, <t>opMHpyeMoe Ha OCHOBe npH3HaHH.11 y1msepcanbHblX npas H OCHOBHblX cso6o.n qenoseKa. qeJIOBe'leCTB O Ha'IHHaeT OC03HaBaTb Ba)l(HOCTb paBHOnpaBHOro COTPY.ll.HH'lecTBa cocTaBJIRJOW.HX ero o6w.HocTeA . B CBR3H c 3THM BCTaeT npo6neMa Heo6xo.nHMOCTH H B03MO)l(HOCTH MeHTaJibHOH COBMeCTHMOCTH qeJioseqeCKHX coo6w.ecTB , 'ITO o6yCJIOBJIHBaeT Heo6xo,nHMOCTb B pa3BHTHH TOJiepaHTHOCTH. PecpopMHposaHHe poccHHCKoro o6w.ecTBa npoTeKaeT Ha cpoHe pa3pymeHH.ll HCTOpH'leCKH CJIO)l(HBWHXCR TPa.nHUHH H npe)l(HHX COUHOKYJib'fYPHblX OCHOBaHHH. Ba)l(HO no.nqepKHyTE., 'ITO B o6w.ecTBe, nepe)l(HBaJOw.eM KpH3HC HpaBCTBeHHOCTH H MOpanH, TOJiepaHTHOCTb HCKJIJO'IHTeJibHO Heo6XO.ll.HMa. 0TCYfCTBHe B COBeTCKOH JIHTeparype noHRTHR <<TOJiepaHTHOCTb)) o6'bJICH.lleTCJI HaJIH'IHeM e.nHHOMblCJIH.11 H rocno.ncTBosasmeA H.neonorm-1. B OTe'leCTBeHHOH HayKe, KaK H B o6w.ecTBeHHOnOJIHTH'leCKOH JieKCHKe, TepMHH «TOJiepaHTHOCTb)) 3aKpenHJICJI c KoHua 80-x rr., 'leMy cnoco6cTsosanH aKa.QeMH'leCKHe HCCJie.ll.OBaHHR ryMaHJnapHblX HayK, Heo6xo.ll.HMOCTb coxpaHeHHJI Kyn1>rypHoro nmopanH3Ma PoccHH, a TaK)l(e OOJIHTH'leCKHe HHHUHantBbl, CTpeMHBIIIHeCR a.nanrnpoeaTb K pOCCHHCKHM ycJIOBHJIM 3ana,nHblH OilblT cpopM11posaHHJ1 rpa)l(.naHcKoro o6w.ecTBa. <l>HJIOCOcp CKOMY OCMblCJieHHJO H TOJIKOBaHHJO TOJiepaHTHOCTH cnoco6cTBOBaJIH H.ll.eH npe,nCTaBHTeJieH 3ana.ll.HOH KYJibrypHOH attTpononorn11 11 3THOJIOrHH, noKa- 3asurne HaJIH'IHe «.npyroro» sMeCTO «e.ll.HHoro» pa3yMa. TaK, K. Jies11-CTPocc csoeii KpHTHKOH esponoueHTpH3Ma noJIO)l(HJI KOHeu 3THOUeHTPH3MY 3ana.nHoro MbllIIJieHHR . Ero <t>Hnoco<t>cKo-M11poao33peHqecKoe o6ocHosaHHe Me)l(KYJibTYPHO rO .ll.HaJIOra, ueHHOCTH coxpaHeHH.11 caM0- 6blTHOCTH, B3aHMOCBJl3H KyJlb'fYPHOro pa3H006pa31UI H HCTOpH'leCKOrO nporpecca BbicrynaJOT B Ka'leCTBe MeTO.nonornqeCKOH OCHOBbl nOHHMaHHR TOJiepaHTHOCTH. TIO MHeHHJO K. JleBH-CTPOCCa, «MHpOBa.11 UHBHJIH3aUH.ll MOl!<eT 6h!Tb TOJlbKO KOaJIHUHeH, B MHpOBOM MaCIIITa6e, KYJibryp, Ka)l(.na.11 H3 KOTOpblX coxpaHReT CBOJO caM06blTHOCTb... Ha.no cnacrn cpaKT pa3H006pa3H.11, a He HCTOpHqecKOe co.nep)l(aHHe, npH.nasaeMoe eMy Ka)l(.ll.OH 3noxoA ... TonepaHTHOCTh He .11snJ1eTc11 co3epuaTeJibHOH no3HUHeH, pa3,naqeA HH.llYJibreHUHH TOMy, 'ITO 6bIJIO, H TOMy, 'ITO ecTb. 3To .UHHaMH'leCKaJI YCTaHOBKa, OHa COCTOHT B npe,nBH,ll,eHHH, nOHHMaHlm H npO.ll.BH)l(eHHH Toro, 'ITO )l(eJiaeT 6&1Tb...» [17]. TonepaHTHOCTb - 3TO TO, 'ITO .nenaeT B03MO)l(HbIM .ll.OCnt)l(eHHe MHpa H ee.neT OT KYJibrypbl BOHHbl K KyJibrype MHpa. TonepaHTHOCTb - cnoco6HocTh qenoeeKa, coo6mecTBa, rocy.napcTBa CJibIWaTb H yea)l(aTb MHeHHe ,!1.pyrnx, HeBpa)l(.ne6Ho BCTpe'laTb OTJIH'IHoe OT csoero MHeHHe. TonepaHTHOCTb - npHBHJiern11 CHJibHbIX H yMHbIX, He COMHeeaJOW.HXCR B CBOHX cnoco6HOCT.llX npo.ll.BHraTbCR K HCTHHe qepe3 .ll.HaJIOr H pa3H006pa:me MHeHHH H no3HUHH. 3aMeTHM, 'ITO npo6JieMa TOJiepaHTHOCTH CB$13aHa c IlJIJOpaJIH3MOM H .llBJIReTC.11 aJibTepHaTHBOH e)'.l.HHOMbJC JIHJO, aBTOpHTilpHOMY MblIDJieHHJO. <l>HJIOCOcpH$1 .ll.HaJIOra cnoco6cTBYeT HOBOMY cnoco6y noHHMaHH.11 TonepaHTHOCTH. llisecTHO,'ITO HJJ.e H «.nHanornJMa» OT M. Ey6epa .11.0 M.EaxTHHa HanpasneHbl npoTHB MOHonornqecKoro «.11». B TO )Ke speM.11 nro6oA ,!J.Hanor, HMeJOIIJ.HH ueJibJO CTaTh .ll.OMHHaHTOH, He cnoco6cTBY eT B3aHMO.ll.OilOJIHHTeJibHO CTH JIJO.ll.eH, Hapo.11.os H rocy.11.apCTB. Cne.a:oeareJibHO, BCTaeT eonpoc: KaKa.11 Mo.nen1> TonepaHTHOCTH RBJl$1eTCR 3cpcpeKTHBHOH .ll.JIR COBpeMeHHOH PoccHH? B. A. JleKTopcKHH, aHaJIH3Hpy.11 TonepaHTHOCTb, pacCMaTPHBaeT 'leTblpC B03M0)!{}{b!X cnoco6a ee nOHHMaHHJI: l . TonepaHTHOCTb KaK 6e3pa3JIH'IHe - eblcrynaeT KaK no cymecTBy 6e3pa3JIH'IHe K cymecTBosam1JO pa3JIH'IHbIX B3fJI.11.ll.OB H npaKTHK, TaK KaK nocne.D,HHe paccMaTPHBaJOTC$1 B Ka'leCTBe HeBa)l(HblX nepe.n JIHUOM OCHOBHblX npo6JieM,c KOTOpbIMH HMCeT ,!J.eJIO o6IIJ.CCTBO. TonepaHTHOCTb KaK Heeo3MO)l(HOCTb B3aHMonoHHMaHH.11 - s1>1crynaeT KaK yea)l(eHHe K ,!1.pyroMy, KOToporo " BMeCTe c TeM He Mory llOHHMaTb H c KOTOpbl M He Mory B3aHMO.ll.eikTBoeaTb. CornacHo ,!J.aHHOMY noHHMarrnJO TOJiepaHTHOCTH peJIHrH03Hbte, MeTacpH3H'leCKHC B3rJI.ll)'.l.bl, cneumpHqecKHe ueHHOCTH TOH HJIH HHOi:i KyJibT)'Pbl He RBJ1$1JOTCR 'leM-TO BTOpoCTeneHHblM .ll.JIR .11.e11TeJibHOCTH qenoeeKa 11 .ll.Jl.11 pa3BHTHR o6w.ecTBa. TonepaHTHOCTb KaK CHHCXO)l(.ll.eHHe - BbICrynaeT KaK CHHCXO)l()'.l.eHHe K cna60CTH .npyrnx, CO'leTIUOW.aJICR c HeKOTopoA .a:oneii npe3peHH$1 K HHM. HanpHMep, .11 BbIHY)1(.ll.eH TepneTb B3rJI$1)'.l.b , HeCOCTORTeJibHOCTb KOTOpblX l! llOHHMaJO H Mory nOKa3aTb, HO ecrynaTb B KpHnt'leCKyJO .D,HCKYCCHJO c TaKHM qenoeeKOM He HMeeT CMblCJia. TepnHMOCTb KaK pacmHpeHHe co6cTBeHHOro on1>1Ta H KpHTH'leCKHH .ll.HaJIOr - TOJiepaHTHOCTb BblCrynaeT KaK yea)l(eHHe K qy)l(OH n03HUHH B CO'leTaHHH c ycTaHOBKOi1 Ha B3aHMHOe H3MeHeHHe n03HUHl1 B pe3yJibTaTe KpHnt'leCKOro ,!J.HaJIOra. CornacHo B. A. JleKTopcKoMy, «.ll.Hanor Me)l(.11.y MHOJO H .npyrHM npe,!1.nonar aeT uen)'JO CHcTeMy BHYTPeHHHX .ll.HaJ!OfOB, B TOM 'IHCJie: MOHM o6pa30M caMoro ce6l! H TeM o6pa30M Mem1, KOTOpblH,c MOeH TO'IKH 3peHH.ll,HMeeTCR y ,!1.pyroro qenoseKa (.11.HaneKTHKa: «51 .ll.JIR ce6$1», «R .ll.JIR ,!1.pyroro», «,!1.pyroA .ll.JIJI ce611», «.npyroA .nm1 MeH$1» HT. ,!J..)» (18). Tio.no6Hoe nepeocM1>1cneHHe «R» e npouecce .11.Hanora, onHpaiow.eeCJI He TOJlbKO Ha noHHMaHHe H socnpH$1THe «.11.pyroro», HO H Ha KpHTH'leCKOe OCMblCJieHHe csoero ((j!)) (CBOJO TO'IKY 3peHH$1, y6e)l(.a:e 1rnl!, MblCJIH H T• .n.), cpopMHpyeT TOJiepaHTHOe OTHOWeHHe K .npyroMy 11 HanpaBJieHO Ha CB06o.ny HH.UHBH,ll,a. TaKOe HOBOe noHHMam1e OHTOJIOrHH ((l!)) H «.n:pyroro» noJeon.11eT 6onee qeTKO orpaHH'IHTb o6beM paccMaTPHeaeMoro noH.11THJ1, npH.naTb eMy KaqecTeeHHYJO onpe.neneHHOCTb H BblJIBHTh ero cyIIJ.HOCTb. Tio3TOMY H. H. <l>e.ll.OTOBa onpe.11.eJij!eT TOJiepaHTHOCTb, IlO.ll..ll.ep)l(aB ee MHpOB)'JO KOHCTPYKTHBH)'JO HanpasneHHOCTb H rOTOBHOCTb K .ll.HaJIOry, KaK npH3HaHHe nerHTHMHOCTH 3aKOHHblX H He BecmHUK Cu6upcKOZO zocyoapcm6eHHOzo a3poKocMu11ecKozo yHu6epcumema UMeHu aKaoe.MuKa M <P. Peu.temHe6a paCXO.ll,RIIUIXCll c MOpaJJblO HHTepecoB JJ.pyroro H OTKpblTOCTb no OTHOllleHHIO K ero Onblry, rOTOBHOCTb K .ll.Ha.JIOry HK pac11mpeHHIO OilbITa B 3TOM cnyqae [19]. Oco6eHHOCTblO mo6oro o6mecTBa, KaK H MHpa B iieJIOM, llBJilleTcll pa:moo6pa:me cTopoH H <PopM ero cyineCTBOBaHHjl - COU.HOKYJibrypHblX yKJia.U.OB, o6pa:3a )f(H3HH, cnoco6os )f(H3HeJJ,ellTeJihHOCTH, npHpO.ll.HbIX ycnoBHH H T. A· B n1060M o6inecTBe npo6neMa TonepaHTHOCTH qiopMHpyeTCll Ha OCHOBe onpeJJ,eJieHHOfO OilbITa HapoJJ,a. TaKHM o6pa30M, TOJiepaHTHOCTb paccMaTPHBaeTCll HaMH KaK KatteCTBO COU.HOKYJibrypHoro nopll.ll.Ka. ,l{Jljl POCCHH KOHl.{a xx B. npo6JieMa TOJiepaHTHOCTH CTa.na OJJ,HOH H3 HaH6onee 3JI060JJ.HeBHb!X npo6neM 06- inecTBeHHO-nOJIHTHlfeCKOH )f(H3HH,IlO.ll. yrpo3y IlOCTaBJieHa uenoCTHOCTb rocy.u.apcTBa, cy.n.h6a pllJJ.a perHOHOB H 3THOCOB. J.fayqeHHe TOJiepaHTHOCTH H <PopM ee npO}IBJieHHll Ha perHOHaJibHOM ypOBHe aKryaJJbHbl cero)J,Hj! B nepHO.ll. peqiopMHposaHHll poCCHHCKOro o6mecTBa, KOrJJ,a couHanbHM cHryaUHll TPe6yeT nepeoueHKH ueHHOCTeA. ,l{eMOKparnlfeCKM MOJJ,eJib o6mecTBeHHOro pa3BHTH}I 3anaJJ,a He MO)f(eT noaTopHTbCj{ a Poccm-1 no .ll.BYM npHlfHHaM. Bo-nepabIX, npoueccbl H TPaHc<l>opMaUHH, npoHcxo.URmHe HbIHe a pa3BHTE.Ix JJ.eMoKpaTHlfeCKHx CTPaH'ax, H)')f(JlaJOTCll B KpHTHlfeCKOM OCMbICJiemrn. Bo-BTOpbIX, H 3TO olfeHb Ba)f(HO, PocCH}I JJ.OJI)f(Ha Q>opMHposaTi:. cso10 co6cTBeH1ry10 MOJJ.eJih rpa)f(.11.aHCKoro o6mecTBa c yqeTOM ee COU.HOKYJibTypHOH cneu.HcpHKH, MOJJ,eJib co6opHoro rocyJJ.apcTBa, rJJ,e TPH BeTBH BJiaCTH 6yJJ,yT CJIHTbl BOeJJ,HHO. OnbIT pj{.u.a CTPaH noKa3hrnaeT, lfTO, KOOHPYll esponeil:cKYJO (3anaJJ.HYJO) MOJJ.eJ11> MO.u.epHH3aU.HH, Poccm1 He MO)f(eT JX06HTbCll no3HTHBHhIX pe3ynbTaTOB. CouHoeynbTypHall HMTIJIHKal.{Hll 3anaJJ,HOrO OilblTa Bbl3bIBaeT Hanpll)f(eHHOCTb H OTTOp)f(eHHe. 0JJ.HaKo, KaK nOKa3bIBaeT npaKTHKa, Poccm1 MO)f(eT pa3BHBaTbCll He sonpeKH caoeA COUHOKYJibrypHOH MeHTaJibHOCTH HapoJJ.a,a 6naroJJ.apll JIHlllb eit Ycnex B03MO)f(eH npH pa3yMHOM COlfeTaHHH TpaJJ.HU.HH H 1-IHHOBaU.Hii. HMeHHO HenocpeJJ.CTBCHHoe BJIHllHHe HJJ,eanoa co6opHoro eJJ,HHCTBa OlfeBH)J,HO B pyccKOH )f(H3HH, IlOCKOJibKY OlfeBHJlHa «CKJIOHHOCTb pyccKoro HapoJJ,a B3pamHBaTb Te o6mecTBeHHble <PopMbl, KOTOpble nOKO}ITCll Ha 6paTCTBe HJIH 3H)f(JlYTCll )f(epTBOH H JII060BbJO: npHXO.ll., apTeJlb, 3eMJI.IIlfeCTBO , MOHaCTblpH, lfeJIOBeKOJIJ06HBble yqpe)f()J,CHHll, pO)f(JJ,aJOmHeCll H3 )f(epTBbl, MOHapXHlfeCKHii yKJia.u., HeMblCJIHMblH 6e3 )f(epTBeHHOH JII06BH K pO.ll.HHe H K uap!O... l1 a p.11ey 3THX HpaacTBeHHbIX o6pa30B KpacyeTCll CBOeH MyJJ.pOCTblO JJ.peaHee pyccKoe COC)J,HHeHHe H pa3- eneHHe uepKBH 11 rocyJJ.apcTBa» [20]. Co6opH1>1e Halfana a pyccKoH o6mecTBeHHOH )f(H3HH peaJIH3YJOTC.II, Bo-nepBblX , Ha paHHeM 3Tane - B opHeHTaU.HH Ha npHHl.{Hn «CHM<l>OHHH BJlaCTeH», KOTOpblH npe.ll.nonaraeT lfeTKOe pa3rpaHHlf eHHe o6nacTeH se.u.eHHll H IlOJIHOMOlfHH CBeTCKOH H JJ.yxOBHOH anaCTeH npH rapMOHHlfHOM H JIJ060BHOM B3aHMOJJ,eHCTBHH Me)f(.l{y HHMH. 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