Vol 3, No 3 (2023)
Articles
Peculiarities of sialoglycoprotein metabolism in rat tissues under high-calorie diet under immobilization conditions
Abstract
Purpose of the study: to compare the features of sialoglycoprotein metabolism in the liver, stomach and small intestine tissues of rats on a fructose-enriched diet under immobilization stress and without it.
Materials and Methods. Experiments were performed on 64 adult white males mongrel rats weighing 180-230 g for 90 days in vivarium conditions. The experimental animals were fed a special fructose-enriched diet, and immobilization stress was reproduced according to the method of Tigranyan R.A. (1985) for 35 days. Statistical processing of the data obtained during the experiments was carried out using nonparametric methods of evaluation, using Microsoft Excel; "Statistica 12.0" by Statsoft.
Results and Discussion.During the study, an experimental model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was formed, which was confirmed by histologic studies. In addition, an increase in transaminases and dyslipidemia was detected in both study series. In carbohydrate metabolism in all observation groups, an increase in insulin and C-peptide on the background of hyperglycemia was revealed. At the same time, in laboratory animals on fructose diet, under immobilization stress conditions, a high level of glucocorticoids was observed throughout the whole experiment.
Conclusion. On this basis, metabolic changes were observed in the studied tissues, directed towards the synthesis of sialoglycoproteins in the experimental animals, long-term receiving food enriched with fructose, in contrast to the rats on high-fructose diet with simultaneous immobilization, in which the decay processes in the tissues of stomach and small intestine prevailed.
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Analysis of occupational morbidity among Female agricultural workers in Omsk region
Abstract
Purpose of the study: The purpose of this work is to analyze the occupational morbidity of female agricultural workers of the Omsk region for the period 1957-2021.
Materials and methods: The material was a sample from the database of patients of the Center of Occupational Pathology of the Omsk region from 1957-2021, consisting of female workers of different professions and branches of agriculture. The analysis was carried out using methods of mathematical statistics in MS Excel 2021 program. Methods of descriptive statistics were applied: testing for normality of distribution, description of quantitative indicators by parametric and non-parametric methods. Percentages and absolute values were calculated for nominal and ordinal data. Quantitative data in independent groups were compared using the Kraskell-Wallis criterion with Dunn's posterior criterion. Pearson's χ2 was applied to analyze nominal data.
Results: The distribution of female workers with a first-time diagnosis of occupational disease by time period, by branch of agriculture is clearly shown. The average age and length of service at the time of establishing the connection between the disease and occupation were calculated, and the age structure of the patients was built up with calculation of percentages. Statistically significant correlations between branches, age and length of service were established, and the peculiarities of occupational pathology by branches of agriculture were noted. The share of unfavorable factors of industrial environment and labor process in the structure of diagnoses was estimated. The actual number of women with disabilities was calculated, the percentages of I-III disability groups were calculated, and the absence of statistically significant differences of women's disability in samples by branches of agro-industrial complex was established. The degree of loss of working capacity and the number of women who lost the ability to work were determined. The differences between the Omsk Oblast and other regions of Russia were determined.
Conclusion: The results of the analysis indicate the need for further improvement of preventive measures to reduce occupational morbidity in the Omsk region, further in-depth studies. The importance of labor protection of working women is confirmed.
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Nutritional risk factors and substantiation of nutrition correction measures in older population
Abstract
Purpose. Hygienic assessment of the actual nutrition and nutritional status of the elderly to justify health preservation measures.
Materials and Methods. The object of the study were adults aged 60 years and over, permanently residing in the city of Omsk and the Omsk region (simple sample stratified by sex, age, social status, n=160).
Results. The energy value of the diet was within the recommended value for 33.1% of respondents, insufficient energy intake - for 2.5%, excess energy value of the daily diet - for 64.4%.
In 92.5% of the population, the ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates by weight deviated from the recommended values and averaged 1:1.27:3.3. The ratio of the main nutrients in terms of energy value was 13.5:40.7:45.8%. 81.9% of the population had an overestimation of the energy quota of fats.
When assessing nutriom, insufficient intake of the essential amino acid (methionine) was revealed in 8.1%. Insufficient intake of vitamins A, D, B1, PP, folic acid was noted. In the diet of the population there is a deficiency of calcium, iodine, magnesium, fluorine.
Conclusion. The actual nutrition of the older population of Omsk and the Omsk region is irrational and unbalanced.
In the course of the study, it was found that the imbalance in the diets of older people was characterized by insufficient consumption of fish and seafood, meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, eggs, phospholipids, a number of vitamins (A, D, B1, PP, folacin, biotin) and trace elements. (selenium, calcium), with excessive consumption of table salt, oils and fats, bread products, sufficient intake of both macroelements and essential microelements (Ni, Na, B, Cu, Mn, P, Cr, Mo, Sn) was noted (p<0.001 ), a reduced content of Ca, Mg, I, F, Li in the diet was revealed.
Overweight was noted in 37.9±5.2% of the respondents, and 31.0±5.0% were characterized by obesity of the 1st degree, the unfavorable type of obesity (central) - abdominal form, which amounted to 77.3±5 2%, (p ≤ 0.05).
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The role of medical and preventive specialists in maintaining the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population
Abstract
Annotation. The purpose of the study is to analyze scientific research on the role of medical and preventive specialists in maintaining the sanitary and epidemiological well–being of the population, taking into account climatic and geographical conditions, the nature of labor (hygienic) activities, lifestyle to take a set of measures to prevent occupational diseases of all categories of the population.
Material and methods: analytical, sociological, statistical and hygienic research methods.
Results and their discussion. The study determines the direct dependence of the functioning of the system of formation of the personality of specialists in the medical and preventive profile from the moment of admission to medical university, to professional formation in office, and their role in society, in maintaining the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Russian Federation, the presence of diseases and the measures taken to preserve health.
Conclusions. The leading role of specialists of the medical and preventive profile in the sanitary education of citizens, prevention of the occurrence of non-communicable diseases and bad habits, improvement of social capacity (professional performance) and prolongation of human life is determined.
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The role of educational work in the personal development of medical students
Abstract
Modernization of education in Russia and new realities of activity of higher educational institutions in modern conditions put on the agenda an increased interest in the education of future specialists. In this case, the goals and objectives of educational work are realized simultaneously, and the main goal is the maximum possible involvement of students in purposeful and organized activities that contribute to the realization of their intellectual, moral, creative and physical potential.
Sociological research, being a link between theoretical knowledge and real reality, allows to identify problems, find ways to solve them, taking into account the opinion of the trainees themselves. Based on the results of the survey, the article deals with the role of extracurricular activities as a factor of personal development and education of students, reveals some problems, suggests possible ways of their solution. Investigating the effectiveness of extracurricular activities, the authors analyze the structure of free time of students of the medical faculty of Omsk State Medical University, which allows a new look at the main directions of organization of extracurricular activities of medical students.
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Breast cancer: polyclonality as a fact of resistance to antitumor treatment
Abstract
In this review the data of literature on the issue of polyclonality as a factor of resistance to antitumor treatment are given. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and tumor typing is of paramount importance to achieve good clinical outcomes. Although it is common to stratify and treat breast tumors as a single entity, findings of intratumoral heterogeneity and cancer stem cell research raise the possibility that multiple breast cancer subtypes may coexist in a tumor. Plasticity plays a role in the dynamic transformation between breast cancer subtypes, the clinical implications of which will be the need for combination therapeutic strategies that take into account individual disease forms and their plasticity. Accordingly, improvements in single-cell sequencing technologies will be crucial for the diagnosis and stratification of individual disease subtypes down to the cellular level.
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Liver transplant dysfunction: outcomes and prospects for the prevention of liver cirrhosis in the recipient
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only radical method of treatment and gives the last chance for recovery to patients with terminal stages of diffuse liver diseases. The available number of donor organs does not cover the needs of patients in the ever-growing waiting lists for transplantation. In this connection the possibilities of expanding the criteria of donor transplant eligibility and wide introduction of lifetime pre-donation are being actively studied. Together with the expansion of the donor pool and reduction of waiting list mortality, donors with expanded criteria differ from optimal and as- sociated with increased risks of postoperative complications. However, careful analysis of all risk factors on both the donor and recipient side allows for an optimal donor-recipient pairing. This approach can ensure short-term and long-term results of transplantation from a marginal donor similar to those of transplantation from an optimal donor. The liver taken from a marginal donor has less adaptive properties and is vulnerable to ischemia and reperfusion. Ischemia affecting the graft from the time of explantation, during transportation and during implantation triggers a cascade of alterative reactions that is exacerbated by the onset of reperfusion. The joint influence of ischemia and reperfusion can cause the graft dysfunction in the early postoperative period in the range from reversible to complete functional graft failure. In this connection, the issues of preservation and transportation of the donor liver as well as optimization of surgical tactics in order to minimize the influence of ischemia and reperfusion are becoming more and more urgent. The aim of the literature review was to analyze the data available in the literature about the hepatic transplant dysfunction, factors predisposing to it and methods of its prevention. The main criteria of donor selection for liver transplantation and the currently admissible limits of their expansion are given. The main mechanisms of ischemic and reperfusion damage of the transplant, inherent morphological changes and the most frequent outcomes are considered. A number of questions requiring further study within the framework of the problem under consideration are formulated.
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The role of Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma
Abstract
Bronchial asthma (BA) is a chronic disease of the respiratory tract, which is formed under the action of endogenous factors and environmental influences. It is now believed that type 2 T-helper cells play a major role in the development of bronchial asthma by causing airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. However, the evidence that bronchial asthma is mostly an allergic, eosinophilic, type 2 T-helper-mediated disease is insufficient to establish complete control of the course of AD. This is probably due to the fact that endogenous factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease, knowledge of which is currently limited. Consequently, continued study of asthma pathogenesis is an important and relevant direction in medicine. Over the last decade, the attention of researchers has been drawn to Toll-like receptors, which provide recognition of pathogens and trigger an immune response to them. There are conflicting data in the literature on the role of Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of AD, but their involvement in the development of the disease is confirmed by numerous studies. As participants of acute infectious processes, under inadequate stimulation associated with mutation of genes regulating receptor expression, they cause initiation or exacerbation of asthma in predisposed individuals. At the same time, reduced receptor function leads to a decrease in the body's defenses, which also leads to exacerbation of AD. In addition, Toll-like receptors are direct elements of the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, supporting or reducing inflammation. Thus, Toll-like receptors may not only exacerbate the course of AD but also protect against exacerbations. Better knowledge of the role of these receptors in the pathophysiology of AD may lead to improved diagnostic methods, thereby increasing the likelihood of timely detection of the disease. Using data on the effects realized by receptors, drugs are being developed that are antagonists or agonists of a particular Toll-like receptor. The use of drugs acting on receptors in the treatment and prevention of AD may further lead to improved control of the disease course.
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Optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography with angiography in the diagnosis of eye diseases
Abstract
Literature review is devoted to the study of imaging diagnostic methods such as optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography in angio mode. In the last decade OCT technique has been widely used among ophthalmologists. There are several modes of registration: spatial-temporal, spectral and selective. The advent of optical coherence tomography has greatly facilitated and improved visualization of the visual analyzer in its various segments. The technology made it possible to evaluate the retinal ganglion cell complex, as well as qualitative and quantitative composition of the prepapillary layer of nerve fibers quickly, without interventions. Degenerative changes in patients with open-angle glaucoma with optical neuropathy at OCT are traced on the whole length of the visual analyzer. Expansion of optical coherence tomography application area gave rise to a new diagnostic method - optical coherence tomography with angiography. The developed technique was a breakthrough of its time, as the gold standard was fluorescence angiography. OCTA is an advanced non-invasive method that allows visualization of retinal vessels. Performing the procedure without dye injection and obtaining high-resolution images of the microvascular network of the retina and chorioidea attracts ophthalmologists. Reduced procedure time, lack of infasive intervention and hence no side effects have increased patient interest. Optical coherence tomography in angiography mode is an important diagnostic method for such diseases as age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma optic neuropathy. With the help of mathematical data algorithms an ophthalmologist can give a conclusion about layer-by-layer structure of the whole retinal vascular network, study quantitative indices of microcapillary blood flow, evaluate zones of limited retinal perfusion. The possibility to recognize the pathological process at the initial stages of its formation allows to suspect changes in the visual analyzer in time. But we should not forget that failures in the work of algorithms of the device, finding artifacts and incorrect interpretation of the results can give a wrong idea about the studied structure.
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Consciousness and its contradictions
Abstract
The question about the nature of consciousness is one of the key questions in philosophy. Recently, however, increased research interest in the phenomenon of consciousness has been observed not only in philosophy, but also in other disciplines. Many original theories of consciousness have been developed, nevertheless, until now, in the scientific environment (especially among naturalists), only one position remains dominant. Namely, the one according to which consciousness is derived from brain activity. The basis for this idea is, first of all, common sense and, secondly, clinical and neurological evidence obtained by scientists at the turn of the XX and XXI centuries. Yet, despite the wealth of medical data and information about various psychic phenomena, the question about the nature of consciousness remains as acute as ever. Probably, this indicates that the problem of consciousness is caused not by our ignorance of any facts, but by the vagueness of the very concept of consciousness. Here we are dealing not with empiricism, but with the conceptual question of what kind of essence is conceived in this concept. When we ask the question "what is consciousness?", what are we asking?
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Evolution of scientific knowledge about atrial fibrillation
Abstract
The study of the causes and mechanisms of symptoms, the study of diagnostic methods and the search for the most effective methods of management of patients with various supraventricular rhythm disturbances have remained highly relevant since the formation of medical science. Previous studies of the structure of cardiac conduction system, physiologic and pathophysiologic processes, introduction and modification of new methods of diagnostics of cardiovascular diseases became the basis for modern algorithms of management of patients with arrhythmias.
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