Genome editing of pea (Pisum sativum L.) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology: Review

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Abstract

The review article discusses advances in genome editing of pea (Pisum sativum L.) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Despite more than a decade of CRISPR/Cas9 application in plant biotechnology, the first successful genome editing in pea was achieved only in 2023, when researchers induced mutations in the model gene PsPDS, whose disruption leads to plant albinism. To date, CRISPR/Cas9 has also been used to introduce mutations in the PsLOX2 gene, encoding lipoxygenase, resulting in a reduced concentration of volatile compounds responsible for the undesirable odor of seeds, and in the PsBAS1 gene, leading to blocked saponin biosynthesis and improved seeds’ palatability. Researchers emphasize the need to further optimize transformation protocols to enhance their efficiency and address the low regenerative capacity of pea. The review also briefly outlines the history of CRISPR-Cas9 discovery and its development as a key genome editing tool. In addition, it examines CRISPR/Cas9 modifications that improve editing precision and their potential applications in pea genome engineering. A key aspect of the article is the discussion of CRISPR/Cas9 as a tool for modulating the specificity and efficiency of pea symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which may contribute to the development of resilient and productive agroecosystems.

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About the authors

Igor Yu. Zhuravlev

Sirius University of Science and Technology

Author for correspondence.
Email: zhuravlev.iy@talantiuspeh.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0005-5967-5664
SPIN-code: 8991-4230
Russian Federation, Sochi

Linar R. Subkhanov

Sirius University of Science and Technology

Email: lsubxanov@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0004-8513-8179
SPIN-code: 6925-3496
Russian Federation, Sochi

Anton S. Sulima

All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology

Email: asulima@arriam.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2300-857X
SPIN-code: 4906-1159

Cand. Sci. (Biology)

Russian Federation, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg

Aleksandr I. Zhernakov

All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology

Email: azhernakov@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8961-9317
Russian Federation, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg

Igor A. Tikhonovich

Sirius University of Science and Technology; All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology

Email: i.tikhonovich@arriam.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8968-854X
SPIN-code: 6685-9419

Dr. Sci. (Biological), Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor

Russian Federation, Sochi; Pushkin, Saint Petersburg

Vladimir A. Zhukov

All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology

Email: vzhukov@arriam.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2411-9191
SPIN-code: 2610-3670

Cand. Sci. (Biology)

Russian Federation, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg

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Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
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2. Fig. 1. Mechanism of the CRISPR/Cas9 Editing System. The drawing was created using the online tool bioRender (https://biorender.com/).

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3. Fig. 2. Mechanism of CRISPR/Cas9 Prime Editing. The drawing was created using the online tool bioRender (https://biorender.com/).

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4. Fig. 3. General progression of steps for obtaining a plant with an edited genome using pea as an example. The drawing was created using the online tool bioRender (https://biorender.com/).

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5. Fig. 4. Schematic representation of signal exchange between symbionts in legume-rhizobial symbiosis (a–b), including stages of nodule formation (1–6). 1, penetration of rhizobia through the root hair; 2, initiation of infection, with rhizobia moving into the root hair; 3, curling of the root hair, formation of the infection thread; 4, growth of the infection thread through epidermal cells; 5, infection thread reaches the root cortex cells; 6, formation of the symbiotic nodule. The drawing was created using the online tool bioRender (https://biorender.com/).

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