Grassflies of genus Meromyza (Diptera, Chloropidae) and grasses: the evolution of host plant preference

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Abstract

The present and literature data showed that Meromyza flies developed on grasses from 5 tribes: Poeae, Triticeae, Bromeae, Nardeae, Arundinarieae. The preference of host plants for 25, mainly Western Palaearctic species of Meromyza flies was analyzed: 11 species developed on grasses of the tribe Poeae, 4 – on Triticeae, 9 – on grasses from different tribes, 1 species developed on bamboo. A phylogenetic tree based on the mtDNA CO1 gene locus was constructed in the BEAST for 28 species of Meromyza flies, for 8 species of Drosophila and Campiglossa pygmaea. The host plants were known for 19 species Meromyza flies out of 28 studied species. An overview of the evolution of grasses is given. By the possible time of the genus Meromyza origin (not earlier than the middle of the Miocene), based on the known evolutionary scale of Drosophila, the Pooideae grasses had already been isolated and division into tribes occured. The features of non-specialized phytophage-oligophage (except M. acuminata) confirmed by the wide spectrum of host plants have been supposed for species close to ancestral haplotypes (M. nigriseta, M. pratorum, M. saltatrix, M. variegata) or representing independent branches in their clusters (M. acuminata, M. mosquensis, M. nigriventris). The differentiation of Meromyza genus with formation of new species with narrow oligophagy or monophagy was associated with adaptation to other wild grasses following the formation and increase in the abundance of “core pooids” (Triticodae + Poodae) grasses and the spread of herbal biomes in the Miocene. Oligophages M. nigriventris, M. nigriseta, M. variegata and monophages M. acuminata, M. grandifemoris damage cereal cultivars.

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About the authors

Andrey F. Safonkin

Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: andrej-safonkin@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7802-6548

PhD, Scientific Researcher, Laboratory of Plant Genetics

Russian Federation, Moscow

Svetlana V. Goryunova

Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: orang2@yandex.ru

PhD, Scientific Researcher, Laboratory of Plant Genetics

Russian Federation, Moscow

Denis V. Goryunov

Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: denis.goryunov@mail.ru

PhD, Scientific Researcher, Department of Evolutional Biochemistry

Russian Federation, Moscow

Tatiana A. Triseleva

Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: triselyova@yandex.ru

PhD, Senior Researcher, Laboratory for Soil Zoology and General Entomology

Russian Federation, Moscow

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2. Phylogenetic tree of representatives of the genera Campiglossa, Drosophila, and Meromyza, built based on the sequence of the mtDNA COI gene fragment in the BEAST v1.10.4 program. The numbers in the nodes indicate the number of replacements per site. The species that gave the name to the meromiz clusters are underlined. The clusters are indicated by vertical lines. Designation of Meromiz species according to their food specialization: A - develop on species of the tribe Poeae belonging to the Chloroplast group I (type Aveneae), P - on species of the tribe Poeae belonging to the Chloroplast group II (type Poeae), T - develop on species of the tribe Triticeae , B - on species of the tribe Bromeae, N - Nardeae, * - feed on wheat,? - possibly on oats

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