Резистом птицеводческих хозяйств: от генов до экосистем



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Интенсивное применение антимикробных препаратов в промышленном птицеводстве способствует формированию и поддержанию обширного резистома – совокупности генов устойчивости к антибиотикам в микробных сообществах. В данном обзоре систематизированы современные данные о структуре, разнообразии и циркуляции генов антибиотикорезистентности в птицеводческих хозяйствах в контексте концепции «Единое здоровье». Эта работа предлагает уникальный, системный взгляд на птицеферму как на целостную экосистему циркуляции генов устойчивости.

Метагеномные исследования выявили более 600 типов генов резистентности в микробиоме птиц, детерминирующих устойчивость к 25 классам антибиотиков. Наиболее распространенными являются гены устойчивости к тетрациклинам (tetA, tetB, tetM), β-лактамам (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaCMY-2), макролидам (ermB, ermA) и фторхинолонам (qnrS, qnrB), аминогликозидам. Особую обеспокоенность вызывает выявление генов карбапенемаз (blaNDM, blaOXA-48) и устойчивости к тигециклину (tetX4) и колистину (mcr-1) – препаратам резерва. Концентрация генов резистентности в птичьем помете достигает 10¹⁶ копий на грамм, что превышает показатели других типов животноводческих отходов.

Детально описаны экологические резервуары: кишечный микробиом, инкубаторы, биопленки в системах водоснабжения, подстилка и производственные поверхности. Основные механизмы диссеминации включают вертикальную передачу через инкубаторы, горизонтальный перенос генов посредством плазмид и транспозонов и массовое распространение через помет в агроэкосистемы. Показана роль ко-селекции с генами устойчивости к тяжелым металлам и биоцидам в поддержании резистома без антибиотического давления.

Обзор подчеркивает необходимость комплексного подхода к контролю резистома, включающего оптимизацию применения антимикробных препаратов, совершенствование биобезопасности, альтернативные стратегии профилактики и эффективную обработку отходов птицеводства для минимизации экологических и эпидемиологических рисков.

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Ольга Сергеевна Чемисова

Донской государственный технический университет

Email: chemisova@inbox.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4059-2878
SPIN-код: 1129-7436

кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры "Биоинженерия"

Россия, 344003, Россия, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина,1, корп. 6

Дарья Андреевна Седова

Донской государственный технический университет

Email: dased0va@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1194-7251
SPIN-код: 6197-7220

старший преподаватель кафедры "Биоинженерия"

Россия, 344003, Россия, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина,1, корп. 6

Алина Александровна Середа

Донской государственный технический университет

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: alina.sereda2001@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0007-2130-0175
SPIN-код: 2638-2848

аспирант, факультет "Биоинженерии и ветеринарной медицины"

Россия, 344003, Россия, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина,1, корп. 6

Юлия Петровна Гордеева

Донской государственный технический университет

Email: GordeevaYP@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0003-0888-2861
SPIN-код: 1440-6753

аспирант, факультет "Биоинженерии и ветеринарной медицины"

Россия, 344003, Россия, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина,1, корп. 6

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