Consensus “Cystic Fibrosis: definition, diagnostic criteria, treatment” Section “Microbiology and Epidemiology of chronic respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis”


Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

The main causative agents of lung infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and H. influenzae. In the last decade, gram-negative nonfermentative microorganisms (NFMO) - Вurkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans and non-tuberculous mycobacteria, fungi of the genus Aspergillus have acquired the clinical significance. It is found that the chronic lung infection in 2/3 of the cases caused by association of microorganisms. Among hospitalized patients, in contrast to outpatients, these associations are represented by two, three or more species of microorganisms. The associations of P. aeruginosa + S. aureus (18,2 %) and P. aeruginosa + Bcc (9,1 %) are the most common. Other representatives - A. xylosoxidans, S. maltophilia and A. baumanii - is often identified in the associations of microorganisms. The focuses of chronic lung infections are formed in patients with increasing age. The dominant pathogens are P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The methicillinresistant staphylococci and P. aeruginosa strains with a mucoid phenotype are of particular importance for cystic fibrosis patients. Bcc isolates from cystic fibrosis patients in Russia often belong to genomovar III A-B. cenocepacia. The Bcc strains colonize the lower airways of patients with CF and are able for long-term persistence and transmission from patient to patient. The resistance to many antibiotics is the main feature of the P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and Bcc strains. The strains of microorganisms with atypical phenotype (small colony variants) are formed under the action of the antibiotic. Infections caused by Bcc and other NFMO are difficult to identify and we need to use a wide range of bacteriological, biochemical, molecular biological techniques and mass spectrometry.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

Igor A Shaginyan

N.F. Gamaleya Federal Scientific Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology

Email: shaginyan@gamaleya.org
MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Head of Laboratory Molecular Epidemiology of Hospital Infections. FSBI "N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology" of the Ministry of health of Russia

Marina Yu Chernukha

N.F. Gamaleya Federal Scientific Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology

Email: chernukha@gamaleya.org
MD, PhD, Leading Scientist, Laboratory Molecular Epidemiology of Hospital Infections. FSBI "N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology" of the Ministry of health of Russia

Nikolay I Kapranov

FSBI "Medical genetic research center"

Email: nikolay.i.kapranov@gmail.com
MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Professor, Chief. Scientific Researcher of the Scientific Advisory Department of Cystic Fibrosis. FSBSI “Research Centre for Medical Genetics”.

Elena I Kondratyeva

FSBI "Medical genetic research center"

Email: elenafpk@mail.ru
MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Professor Head of the Research Department of Cystic Fibrosis. FSBSI “Research Centre of Medical Genetics”

Nataliya Yu Kashirskaya

FSBI "Medical genetic research center"

Email: kashirskayanj@mail.ru
MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Professor, Leading Research Fellow, Laboratory of Genetic Epidemiology. FSBSI “Research Centre of Medical Genetics”

Elena L Amelina

FSBI "Scientific research Institute of pulmonology" FMBA of Russia

Email: eamelina@mail.ru
MD, PhD, Head of Cystic Fibrosis Laboratory. FSBI "Scientific Research Institute of Pulmonology" of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia.

Irina K Asherova

"Children's clinical hospital No 1"

Email: irina_asherova@mail.ru
MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Head of the Pulmonary Department. SIH of the Yaroslavl Region "Children's Clinical Hospital N 1"

Igor K Volkov

"First Moscow state medical University. I.M. Sechenov" of rmph

MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Professor. I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University.

T E Gembitskaya

Research Institute of pulmonology Scientific-practical research centre of sbee HPE "Pspb GMU. academician I.P. Pavlov" of the Ministry of health

Email: mukoviscidoz_otd@mail.ru
MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Professor, Head of Therapeutics Pulmonology Department. Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute of Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University.

Evgeniy K Ginter

FSBI "Medical genetic research center"

Email: ekginter@mail.ru
MD., PhD, Dr Med Sci, Professor. Director of the FSBSI “Research Centre of Medical Genetics”.

Nataliya A Ilyenkova

"Krasnoyarsk state medical University. Professor V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky" of rmph

Email: ilenkova1@mail.ru
M.D., PhD, Dr Med Sci, Professor, Head of Child Diseases Department. Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky

Irina P Karimova

GBUZ "Chelyabinsk regional children's clinical hospital"

Email: eamelina@mail.ru
MD, PhD, Head of Pulmonology Department. GBUZ "Chelyabinsk regional children's clinical hospital".

Stanislav A Krasovsky

FSBI "Scientific research Institute of pulmonology" FMBA of Russia

Email: sa_krasovsky@mail.ru
MD, PhD, Research Fellow of the Laboratory of Cystic Fibrosis. FSBI "Scientific Research Institute of Pulmonology" of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia.

Nina B Merzlova

"Perm state medical University n. a. E.A. Wagner" of MOH of Russia

Email: nmerzlova@yandex.ru
MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci,Professor, Head of Department of Hospital Pediatrics. "Perm State Medical University n. a. E. A. Wagner" of the MOH of Russia

Ludmila P Nazarenko

FSBI "Sri of medical genetics"

Email: Ludmila.nazarenko@medgenetics.ru
MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Professor, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute of Medical Genetics”

Leila S Namazova-Baranova

FSBI "Scientific center of children health" of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation

Email: namazova@nczd.ru
MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Professor. Director of the Research Institute of Pediatrics, FSB Institution "Scientific Center of Children's Health" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

Alla F Neretina

"Voronezh state medical Academy n. a. N.N. Burdenko" Ministry of health of Russia

Email: neretinaalla@mail.ru
MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Professor. Voronezh State Medical University named after N. N. Burdenko.

Victoria S Nikonova

FSBI "Medical genetic research center"

Email: nikonovavs@mail.ru
MD, PhD, Scientific Researcher of Department of Cystic Fibrosis. FSBSI “Research Centre of Medical Genetics”.

Aleksandr V Orlov

"Children's City Hospital of St. Olga"

Email: orlovcf@rambler.ru
MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Head of Infectious Boxed Department N 3. Saint Petersburg "Child hospital of St. Olga"

Sergei S Postnikov

"Russian national research medical University named after N. And. Pirogov" of rmph

Email: clinpharm@rambler.ru
MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Professor. Department of Clinical Pharmacology. The Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University.

Tatiyana A Protasova

FSBI "Sri of medical genetics"

Email: protasova-oori@yandex.ru
Head of the Department of Acute Respiratory Infections, the Head of the Regional Center for Cystic Fibrosis for Kids. SAHI "Kemerovo Regional Clinical Hospital".

Sergei Yu Semykin

FSBI "Russian children's clinical hospital" of MOH of Russia

Email: dr.semykin@mail.ru
MD PhD, Head of Pediatrics Department. FSBI “Russian Pediatric Clinical Hospital”.

Diana F Sergienko

"Astrakhan state medical Academy" of rmph

Email: gazken@rambler.ru
MD PhD, Dr Med Sci, Associate Professor of Department of Faculty Pediatrics. Astrakhan State Medical University

Olga I Simonova

FSBI "Scientific center of children health" of the Ministry of health of the Russian Federation

Email: oisimonova@mail.ru
MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Professor, Head of Pulmonology and Allergology Department. FSB Institution "Scientific Center of Children's Health" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

Irina D Uspenskaya

FSBI "Nizhny Novgorod research Institute of pediatric gastroenterology" of rmph

Email: uspenskaya.i.d@gmail.com
MD, PhD, Dr Med Sci, Head of "Clinical Pathology of the Small Intestine". FSBI "Nizhny Novgorod research Institute of Pediatric Gastroenterology".

Lidiya A Shabalova

FSBI "Medical genetic research center"

Email: shabalova.lidia@yandex.ru
MD, PhD, Scientific Researcher of Department of Cystic Fibrosis. FSBSI “Research Centre of Medical Genetics”.

Victoria D Sherman

FSBI "Medical genetic research center"

Email: tovika@yandex.ru
MD, PhD, Scientific Researcher of Department of Cystic Fibrosis. FSBSI “Research Centre of Medical Genetics”

References

  1. Алексеева Г.В., Чернуха М.Ю., Шагинян И.А. Идентификация бактерий комплекса Burkholderia cepacia c помощью ПЦР // Полимеразная цепная реакция (ПЦР) и ее применение в бактериологии : учебно-методическое пособие для врачей-бактериологов / под ред. А.Л. Гинцбурга, Ю.М. Романовой. - М., 2006. - C. 117-26. [Alekseeva GV, Chernuha MJ, Shaginjan IA. Identification of bacteria of the Burkholderia cepacia complex using PCR. In: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its primenenie in bacteriology : Educational-methodical manual for doctors bacteriologic. Ed by A.L. Gincburga, Ju.M. Romanovoj. Moscow; 2006:117-26. (In Russ).]
  2. Воронина О.Л., Кунда М.С., Аксенова Е.И., и др. Экспресс-диагностика микроорганизмов, поражающих дыхательные пути больных муковисцидозом // Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. - 2013. - № 11. - С. 53-8. [Voronina OL, Kunda MS, Aksenova EI, et al. Rapid diagnosis of microorganisms affecting the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis. Klinicheskaja laboratornaja diagnostika. 2013; (11):53-8. (In Russ).]
  3. Воронина О.Л., Чернуха М.Ю., Шагинян И.А., и др. Характеристика генотипов штаммов Burkholderia cepacia complex, выделенных от больных в стационарах Российской Федерации // Мол. генетика. - 2013. - № 2. - С. 22-30. [Voronina OL, Chernuha MJ, Shaginjan IA, et al. Characterization of genotypes of strains of Burkholderia cepacia complex isolated from patients in hospitals of Russian Federation. Mol genetika. 2013;(2):22-30. (In Russ).]
  4. Чернуха М.Ю., Аветисян Л.Р., Шагинян И.А., и др. Алгоритм микробиологической диагностики хронической инфекции легких у больных муковисцидозом // Клин. микробиол. антимикроб. химиотер. - 2014. - Т. 16. - № 4. - С. 276-90. [Chernuha MJ, Avetisjan LR, Shaginjan IA, et al. Algorithm for microbiological diagnosis of chronic lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Klin Mikrobiol Antimikrob. Himoter. 2014;16(4):276-90. (In Russ).]
  5. Чернуха М.Ю., Аветисян Л.Р., Шагинян И.А., и др. Фенотипические и генотипические особенности штаммов бактерий Burkholderia cepacia complex, выделенных от больных муковисцидозом // Педиатрия. - 2014. - T. 93. - № 4. - С. 24-31. [Chernuha MJ, Avetisjan LR, Shaginjan IA, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of strains of the bacterium Burkholderia cepacia complex isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. Pediatrija. 2014;93(4):24-31. (In Russ).]
  6. Чернуха М.Ю., Алексеева Г.В., Шагинян И.А., и др. Исследование вирулентных свойств госпитальных штаммов бактерий комплекса B. Cepacia, выделенных в стационарах города Москвы // ЖМЭИ. - 2005. - T. 6. - C. 46-51. [Chernuha MJ, Alekseeva GV, Shaginjan IA, et al. Study of virulent properties of hospital strains of bacteria of the B. Cepacia complex, isolated in hospitals of Moscow // J of Microbiol Epidemiol and Immunobiol. 2005;6:46-51. (In Russ).]
  7. Чернуха М.Ю., Шагинян И.А., Капранов Н.И., и др. Персистенция Burkholderia cepacia у больных муковисцидозом. ЖМЭИ. - 2012. - №. 4. - С. 93-8. (Chernuha MJ, Shaginjan IA, Kapranov NI, et al. Persistence of Burkholderia cepacia in cystic fibrosis patients // J of Microbiol Epidemiol and Immunobiol. 2012;(4):93-8. In Russ).]
  8. Шагинян И.А., Дмитренко О.А. Молекулярная эпидемиология внутрибольничных инфекций, вызываемых метициллинустойчивыми стафилококками // ЖМЭИ. - 2003. - №. 3. - C. 99-109. [Shaginjan IA, Dmitrenko OA. Molecular epidemiology of nosocomial infections caused by staphylococci methicillinsusceptible // J of Microbiol Epidemiol and Immunobiol. 2003;(3):99-109. (In Russ).]
  9. Шагинян И.А., Капранов Н.И., Чернуха М.Ю., и др. Микробный пейзаж нижних дыхательных путей у различных возрастных групп детей, больных муковисцидозом // ЖМЭИ. - 2010. - № 1. - С. 15-20. [Shaginjan IA, Kapranov NI, Chernuha MJ, et al. Microbial landscape of the lower respiratory tract in different age groups of children with cystic fibrosis. J of Microbiol Epidemiol and Immunobiol. 2010;(1): 15-20. (In Russ).]
  10. Шагинян И.А., Капранов Н.И., Чернуха М.Ю., и др. Особенности микрофлоры нижних дыхательных путей у различных возрастных групп детей больных муковисцидозом // Сборник «Муковисцидоз в России». - Ярославль, 2011. - C. 64-71. [Shaginjan IA, Kapranov NI, Chernuha MJ, et al. Microflora of the lower respiratory tract in different age groups of children with cystic fibrosis. In: Mukoviscidoz v Rossii. Jaroslavl'; 2011:64-71. (In Russ).]
  11. Шагинян И.А., Чернуха М.Ю. Неферментирующие грамотрицательные бактерии в этиологии внутрибольничных инфекций: клинические, микробиологические и эпидемиологические особенности // Клин. микробиол. антимикроб. химиотер. - 2005. - T. 7. - № 3. - С. 271-285. [Shaginjan IA, Chernuha MJ. Nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria in the etiology of nosocomial infections: clinical, microbiological and epidemiological features. Klin Mikrobiol Antimikrob Himoter. 2005;7(3):271-85. (In Russ).]
  12. Cheng K, Smith RL, Govan JR, et al. Spread of beta-lactam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a cystic fibrosis clinic. Lancet. 1996;348(9028):639-42. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)05169-0.
  13. Demco CA, Stern RC, Doershuk CF. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in cystic fibrosis: incidence and prevalence. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998;25(5):304-8. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(199805)25:5<304::aid-ppul3>3.0.co;2-i.
  14. Doring G, Jansen S, Noll J, et al. Dictribution and transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia in a hospital ward. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996;21(2):90-100. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(199602)21:2<90::aid-ppul5>3.0.co;2-t.
  15. Foweraker JE, Laughton CR, Brown DFJ, Bilton D. Phenotypic variability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputa fro m patients with acute infective exacerbation of cystic fibrosis and its impact on the validity of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. J Antimicrobial Chem. 2005; 55(6): 921-7. doi: 10.1093/jac/dki146.
  16. Gilligan PH, Lum G, Vandamme PAR, Whittier S. Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Ralstonia, Brevundimonas, Comamonas, Delftia, Pandorea, and Acidovorax. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, editors. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th ed. Washington: ASM Press; 2003.
  17. Gold R, Jin E, Levison H, Isles A, Fleming PC. Ceftazidime alone and in combination in patients with cystic fibrosis: lack of efficacy in treatment of severe respiratory infections caused by Pseudomonas cepacia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1983;12(Suppl A): 331-6. doi: 10.1093/jac/12.suppl_a.331.
  18. Govan JRW, Baklandreau J, Vandamme P. Burkholderia cepacia - Friend and Foe. ASM News. 2000; 66: 124-5.
  19. Group., Cystic Fibrosis Trust Microbiology Laboratory Standards Working. Laboratory standards for processing microbiological samples from people with cystic fibrosis. Report of the UK Cystic Fibrosis Trust Microbiology Laboratory Standards Working Group, September 2010.
  20. Hauser AR, Jain M, Bar-Meir M, McColley SA. Microbes and outcomes in cystic fibrosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24:1-70.
  21. Jones AM, Govan JRW, Dohorty CJ, et al. Identification of airborne dissemination of eptidemic multiresistant strains of P. aeruginosa st a CF centre during a crossinfection outbreak. Thorax. 2003;58(6):525-7. doi: 10.1136/thorax.58.6.525.
  22. Kilby JM, Gilligan PH, Yankaskas JR, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest. 1992;102(1):70-5. doi: 10.1378/chest.102.1.70.
  23. Kiska DL, Gilligan PH. Pseudomonas. In: Murray P.R., Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, editors. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th ed. Washington: ASM Press; 2003.
  24. Kiska DL, Kerr A, Jones MC, et al. Accuracy of four commercial systems for identification of Burkholderia cepacia and other Gram-negative non-fermenting bacilli recovered from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:886-91.
  25. Lambiase A, Catania MR, Del Pezzo M, et al. Achromobacter xylosoxidans respiratory tract infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30(8):973-80. doi: 10.1007/s10096-011-1182-5.
  26. Liu L, Coenye T, Burns JL, et al. Ribosomal/DNA-directed PCR for identification of Achromobacter (Alcaligenes) xylooxidans recovered from sputum samples from cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Microdiol. 2002;40(4):1210-3. doi: 10.1128/jcm.40.4.1210-1213.2002.
  27. Munck A, Bonacorsi S, Mariani-Kikdjian P, et al. Genotypic characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains recovered from patients with cystic fibrosis after initial and subsequent cokonization. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32(4):288-92. doi: 10.1002/ppul.1121.
  28. Olivier KN, Handler A, Less JH, Tudor J, Knowles MR. Clinical impact of nontuberculous mycobacteria on the course of cystic fibrosis lung desease: results of multicenter nested cohort study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000;102-103.
  29. Sadikot RT, Blackwell TS, Christman JW, Prince AS. Pathogen-host interactions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(11):1209-23. Epub 2005 Feb 1. Review. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200408-1044so.
  30. Saiman L, Siegel J. Infection control recommendations for patients with cystic fibrosis: microbiology, important pathogens, and infection control practices to prevent patient-to-patient transmission. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24(s5):6-52. doi: 10.1086/503485.
  31. Saiman L, Siegel J. Infection control recommendations for patients with cystic fibrosis: microbiology, important pathogens, and infection control practices to prevent patient- to-patient transmission. Infection control and hospital epidemiology. Suppl. May. 2003; 24(5):1-52.
  32. Schreckenberger PC, Daneshvar MI, Weyant RS, Hollis DG. Acinetobacter, Achromobacter, Chryseobacterium, Moraxella, and other nonfermentative gram-negative rods. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, editors. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th ed. Washington: ASM Press; 2003.
  33. Sousa SA, Ramos CG, Leitão JH. Burkholderia cepacia Complex: Emerging Multihost Pathogens Equipped with a Wide Range of Virulence Factors and Determinants. Int J Microbiol. 2011:1-9. doi: 10.1155/2011/607575.
  34. Speert DP, Campbell ME. Hospital epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibriosis. J Hosp Infect. 1987;9(1):11-21. doi: 10.1016/0195-6701(87)90089-2.
  35. Takahashi T, Satoh I, Kikuchi N. Phylogenetic relationships of 38 taxa of the genus Staphylococcus based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1999;49(2):725-8. doi: 10.1099/00207713-49-2-725.
  36. Wellinghausen N, Köthe J, Wirths B, et al. Superiority of molecular techniques for identification of Gram-negative, oxidase-positive rods, including morphologically nontypical Pseudomonas aeruginosa, from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(8):4070-5. doi: 10.1128/jcm.43.8.4070-4075.2005.
  37. Witchurh CB, Tolker-Nielsen T, Ragas PC, Mattick JS. Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation. Science. 2002;295(5559):1485-7. doi: 10.1126/science.295.5559.1487.
  38. Алексеева Г.В., Чернуха М.Ю., Шагинян И.А. Идентификация бактерий комплекса Burkholderia cepacia c помощью ПЦР // Полимеразная цепная реакция (ПЦР) и ее применение в бактериологии : учебно-методическое пособие для врачей-бактериологов / под ред. А.Л. Гинцбурга, Ю.М. Романовой. - М., 2006. - C. 117-26. [Alekseeva GV, Chernuha MJ, Shaginjan IA. Identification of bacteria of the Burkholderia cepacia complex using PCR. In: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its primenenie in bacteriology : Educational-methodical manual for doctors bacteriologic. Ed by A.L. Gincburga, Ju.M. Romanovoj. Moscow; 2006:117-26. (In Russ).]
  39. Воронина О.Л., Кунда М.С., Аксенова Е.И., и др. Экспресс-диагностика микроорганизмов, поражающих дыхательные пути больных муковисцидозом // Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. - 2013. - № 11. - С. 53-8. [Voronina OL, Kunda MS, Aksenova EI, et al. Rapid diagnosis of microorganisms affecting the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis. Klinicheskaja laboratornaja diagnostika. 2013; (11):53-8. (In Russ).]
  40. Воронина О.Л., Чернуха М.Ю., Шагинян И.А., и др. Характеристика генотипов штаммов Burkholderia cepacia complex, выделенных от больных в стационарах Российской Федерации // Мол. генетика. - 2013. - № 2. - С. 22-30. [Voronina OL, Chernuha MJ, Shaginjan IA, et al. Characterization of genotypes of strains of Burkholderia cepacia complex isolated from patients in hospitals of Russian Federation. Mol genetika. 2013;(2):22-30. (In Russ).]
  41. Чернуха М.Ю., Аветисян Л.Р., Шагинян И.А., и др. Алгоритм микробиологической диагностики хронической инфекции легких у больных муковисцидозом // Клин. микробиол. антимикроб. химиотер. - 2014. - Т. 16. - № 4. - С. 276-90. [Chernuha MJ, Avetisjan LR, Shaginjan IA, et al. Algorithm for microbiological diagnosis of chronic lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Klin Mikrobiol Antimikrob. Himoter. 2014;16(4):276-90. (In Russ).]
  42. Чернуха М.Ю., Аветисян Л.Р., Шагинян И.А., и др. Фенотипические и генотипические особенности штаммов бактерий Burkholderia cepacia complex, выделенных от больных муковисцидозом // Педиатрия. - 2014. - T. 93. - № 4. - С. 24-31. [Chernuha MJ, Avetisjan LR, Shaginjan IA, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of strains of the bacterium Burkholderia cepacia complex isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. Pediatrija. 2014;93(4):24-31. (In Russ).]
  43. Чернуха М.Ю., Алексеева Г.В., Шагинян И.А., и др. Исследование вирулентных свойств госпитальных штаммов бактерий комплекса B. Cepacia, выделенных в стационарах города Москвы // ЖМЭИ. - 2005. - T. 6. - C. 46-51. [Chernuha MJ, Alekseeva GV, Shaginjan IA, et al. Study of virulent properties of hospital strains of bacteria of the B. Cepacia complex, isolated in hospitals of Moscow // J of Microbiol Epidemiol and Immunobiol. 2005;6:46-51. (In Russ).]
  44. Чернуха М.Ю., Шагинян И.А., Капранов Н.И., и др. Персистенция Burkholderia cepacia у больных муковисцидозом. ЖМЭИ. - 2012. - №. 4. - С. 93-8. (Chernuha MJ, Shaginjan IA, Kapranov NI, et al. Persistence of Burkholderia cepacia in cystic fibrosis patients // J of Microbiol Epidemiol and Immunobiol. 2012;(4):93-8. In Russ).]
  45. Шагинян И.А., Дмитренко О.А. Молекулярная эпидемиология внутрибольничных инфекций, вызываемых метициллинустойчивыми стафилококками // ЖМЭИ. - 2003. - №. 3. - C. 99-109. [Shaginjan IA, Dmitrenko OA. Molecular epidemiology of nosocomial infections caused by staphylococci methicillinsusceptible // J of Microbiol Epidemiol and Immunobiol. 2003;(3):99-109. (In Russ).]
  46. Шагинян И.А., Капранов Н.И., Чернуха М.Ю., и др. Микробный пейзаж нижних дыхательных путей у различных возрастных групп детей, больных муковисцидозом // ЖМЭИ. - 2010. - № 1. - С. 15-20. [Shaginjan IA, Kapranov NI, Chernuha MJ, et al. Microbial landscape of the lower respiratory tract in different age groups of children with cystic fibrosis. J of Microbiol Epidemiol and Immunobiol. 2010;(1): 15-20. (In Russ).]
  47. Шагинян И.А., Капранов Н.И., Чернуха М.Ю., и др. Особенности микрофлоры нижних дыхательных путей у различных возрастных групп детей больных муковисцидозом // Сборник «Муковисцидоз в России». - Ярославль, 2011. - C. 64-71. [Shaginjan IA, Kapranov NI, Chernuha MJ, et al. Microflora of the lower respiratory tract in different age groups of children with cystic fibrosis. In: Mukoviscidoz v Rossii. Jaroslavl'; 2011:64-71. (In Russ).]
  48. Шагинян И.А., Чернуха М.Ю. Неферментирующие грамотрицательные бактерии в этиологии внутрибольничных инфекций: клинические, микробиологические и эпидемиологические особенности // Клин. микробиол. антимикроб. химиотер. - 2005. - T. 7. - № 3. - С. 271-285. [Shaginjan IA, Chernuha MJ. Nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria in the etiology of nosocomial infections: clinical, microbiological and epidemiological features. Klin Mikrobiol Antimikrob Himoter. 2005;7(3):271-85. (In Russ).]
  49. Cheng K, Smith RL, Govan JR, et al. Spread of beta-lactam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a cystic fibrosis clinic. Lancet. 1996;348(9028):639-42. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)05169-0.
  50. Demco CA, Stern RC, Doershuk CF. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in cystic fibrosis: incidence and prevalence. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998;25(5):304-8. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(199805)25:5<304::aid-ppul3>3.0.co;2-i.
  51. Doring G, Jansen S, Noll J, et al. Dictribution and transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia in a hospital ward. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996;21(2):90-100. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(199602)21:2<90::aid-ppul5>3.0.co;2-t.
  52. Foweraker JE, Laughton CR, Brown DFJ, Bilton D. Phenotypic variability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputa fro m patients with acute infective exacerbation of cystic fibrosis and its impact on the validity of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. J Antimicrobial Chem. 2005; 55(6): 921-7. doi: 10.1093/jac/dki146.
  53. Gilligan PH, Lum G, Vandamme PAR, Whittier S. Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Ralstonia, Brevundimonas, Comamonas, Delftia, Pandorea, and Acidovorax. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, editors. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th ed. Washington: ASM Press; 2003.
  54. Gold R, Jin E, Levison H, Isles A, Fleming PC. Ceftazidime alone and in combination in patients with cystic fibrosis: lack of efficacy in treatment of severe respiratory infections caused by Pseudomonas cepacia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1983;12(Suppl A): 331-6. doi: 10.1093/jac/12.suppl_a.331.
  55. Govan JRW, Baklandreau J, Vandamme P. Burkholderia cepacia - Friend and Foe. ASM News. 2000; 66: 124-5.
  56. Group., Cystic Fibrosis Trust Microbiology Laboratory Standards Working. Laboratory standards for processing microbiological samples from people with cystic fibrosis. Report of the UK Cystic Fibrosis Trust Microbiology Laboratory Standards Working Group, September 2010.
  57. Hauser AR, Jain M, Bar-Meir M, McColley SA. Microbes and outcomes in cystic fibrosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24:1-70.
  58. Jones AM, Govan JRW, Dohorty CJ, et al. Identification of airborne dissemination of eptidemic multiresistant strains of P. aeruginosa st a CF centre during a crossinfection outbreak. Thorax. 2003;58(6):525-7. doi: 10.1136/thorax.58.6.525.
  59. Kilby JM, Gilligan PH, Yankaskas JR, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest. 1992;102(1):70-5. doi: 10.1378/chest.102.1.70.
  60. Kiska DL, Gilligan PH. Pseudomonas. In: Murray P.R., Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, editors. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th ed. Washington: ASM Press; 2003.
  61. Kiska DL, Kerr A, Jones MC, et al. Accuracy of four commercial systems for identification of Burkholderia cepacia and other Gram-negative non-fermenting bacilli recovered from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:886-91.
  62. Lambiase A, Catania MR, Del Pezzo M, et al. Achromobacter xylosoxidans respiratory tract infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30(8):973-80. doi: 10.1007/s10096-011-1182-5.
  63. Liu L, Coenye T, Burns JL, et al. Ribosomal/DNA-directed PCR for identification of Achromobacter (Alcaligenes) xylooxidans recovered from sputum samples from cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Microdiol. 2002;40(4):1210-3. doi: 10.1128/jcm.40.4.1210-1213.2002.
  64. Munck A, Bonacorsi S, Mariani-Kikdjian P, et al. Genotypic characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains recovered from patients with cystic fibrosis after initial and subsequent cokonization. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32(4):288-92. doi: 10.1002/ppul.1121.
  65. Olivier KN, Handler A, Less JH, Tudor J, Knowles MR. Clinical impact of nontuberculous mycobacteria on the course of cystic fibrosis lung desease: results of multicenter nested cohort study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000;102-103.
  66. Sadikot RT, Blackwell TS, Christman JW, Prince AS. Pathogen-host interactions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(11):1209-23. Epub 2005 Feb 1. Review. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200408-1044so.
  67. Saiman L, Siegel J. Infection control recommendations for patients with cystic fibrosis: microbiology, important pathogens, and infection control practices to prevent patient-to-patient transmission. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24(s5):6-52. doi: 10.1086/503485.
  68. Saiman L, Siegel J. Infection control recommendations for patients with cystic fibrosis: microbiology, important pathogens, and infection control practices to prevent patient- to-patient transmission. Infection control and hospital epidemiology. Suppl. May. 2003; 24(5):1-52.
  69. Schreckenberger PC, Daneshvar MI, Weyant RS, Hollis DG. Acinetobacter, Achromobacter, Chryseobacterium, Moraxella, and other nonfermentative gram-negative rods. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, editors. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th ed. Washington: ASM Press; 2003.
  70. Sousa SA, Ramos CG, Leitão JH. Burkholderia cepacia Complex: Emerging Multihost Pathogens Equipped with a Wide Range of Virulence Factors and Determinants. Int J Microbiol. 2011:1-9. doi: 10.1155/2011/607575.
  71. Speert DP, Campbell ME. Hospital epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibriosis. J Hosp Infect. 1987;9(1):11-21. doi: 10.1016/0195-6701(87)90089-2.
  72. Takahashi T, Satoh I, Kikuchi N. Phylogenetic relationships of 38 taxa of the genus Staphylococcus based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1999;49(2):725-8. doi: 10.1099/00207713-49-2-725.
  73. Wellinghausen N, Köthe J, Wirths B, et al. Superiority of molecular techniques for identification of Gram-negative, oxidase-positive rods, including morphologically nontypical Pseudomonas aeruginosa, from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(8):4070-5. doi: 10.1128/jcm.43.8.4070-4075.2005.
  74. Witchurh CB, Tolker-Nielsen T, Ragas PC, Mattick JS. Extracellular DNA required for bacterial biofilm formation. Science. 2002;295(5559):1485-7. doi: 10.1126/science.295.5559.1487.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2016 Shaginyan I.A., Chernukha M.Y., Kapranov N.I., Kondratyeva E.I., Kashirskaya N.Y., Amelina E.L., Asherova I.K., Volkov I.K., Gembitskaya T.E., Ginter E.K., Ilyenkova N.A., Karimova I.P., Krasovsky S.A., Merzlova N.B., Nazarenko L.P., Namazova-Baranova L.S., Neretina A.F., Nikonova V.S., Orlov A.V., Postnikov S.S., Protasova T.A., Semykin S.Y., Sergienko D.F., Simonova O.I., Uspenskaya I.D., Shabalova L.A., Sherman V.D.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 69634 от 15.03.2021 г.


This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies