Hygiene and Sanitation

Introduction. The immune system is one of the objects most sensitive to the effects of the electromagnetic fields. At the same time, the opinion that the effect of radio frequency EMR on cells, tissues, and systems of living organisms is shown at the present stage as distinct and significant is not generally accepted.

The aim of the work was to study the effect of EMR on the activity of immune memory T cells against the SARS-CoV-2 virus in vitro when using an irradiation regime corresponding to the usual use of a mobile phone.

Materials and methods. The test equipment is a mobile phone with parameters: SAR for the body 1.18 W/kg, for the head 1.25 W/kg, the maximum possible number of functions (bluetooth, WiFi) are connected to the phone.

The object of the research was blood samples from forty six people who had suffered from COVID-19 (22 people were ill from November 2020 to July 2021 and 24 were ill from December 2022 to March 2023).

Polystyrene plates from the SARS-CoV-2-IgG-ELISA test systems were used for antigenic stimulation (produced by JSC Vector-Best, Russia). To assess the effect of mobile phone EMR, each cell sample (intact or AG-stimulated) was divided into 2 portions. One portion was incubated for 4 hours in the presence of an EMP mobile phone, the second without it. Next, the concentration of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in the filler fluid was determined by the ELISA method on test systems from the same company.

Results. The effect of EMR has been shown to be expressed in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the activity of memory T cells, which, after exposure to EMR, produce IFN-γ weaker during antigen recognition. Only in 4 out of 46 patients, increased activity of memory T cells was detected during antigenic stimulation of lymphocytes in the presence of mobile phone EMR. The average decrease in IFN-γ production was 151.3 ± 80.8 pg/ml or 66.6 ± 11.4% of the baseline level of antigen-stimulated IFN-γ production by patient lymphocytes.

Limitations: the use of an in vitro approach.

Conclusion. Further investigation of the effect of electromagnetic radiation from a mobile phone on AG-induced lymphocyte activity in people who have suffered from COVID-19 will determine whether the hypersensitivity of AG-specific cells to EMR is associated with impaired immune regulation due to the disease, or EMR can adversly affect AG-specific T cells in healthy people.

Compliance with ethical standards. All T-donors gave informed consent to participate in the study, approved by the Ethics Committee of the G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology (Protocol No. 41 dated 12/10/2020).

Contribution:
Kapustin I.V. – analysis of experimental data, design of illustrations;
Tulskaya E.A. – literature data analysis, database maintenance;
Blyakher M.S. – research concept and design, editing;
Sandalova S.V. – literature data analysis, material collection;
Odintsov E.E. – material collection, editing;
Koteleva S.I. – cultural research, text writing;
Ramazanova Z.K. – collection of material;
Fedorova I.M. – statistical processing, text writing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 2, 2025 / Revised: November 24, 2025 / Accepted: March 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026

Introduction. Preserving the health in the working population through preventive measures is a priority area in contemporary healthcare, which indicates the relevance of preclinical diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction.

Material and methods. There were examined one hundred forty five miners aged of 40 to 55 years. The exclusion criteria for the study were the presence of ischemic heart disease, complicated arterial hypertension, heart defects, and cardiomyopathies. All respondents underwent an investigation of external respiration function and echocardiography using standard methods.

Results. There was elaborated the method for diagnosing of the diastolic dysfunction of the right ventricle in miners, including an assessment of transtricuspidal flows over early and late diastoles in pulse-wave in Doppler mode (E/A) mode, the ratio of early and late diastolic flows of tissue in Doppler mode (Ea/Aa), the ratio of early diastolic flow in pulse-wave mode to early diastolic flow of tissue in Doppler mode at the level of the fibrous ring of the lateral wall of the right ventricle (E/Ea), the determination of the Tei index, the right atrial volume index (RAI, ml/m²). If the value of the E/A ratio is less than or equal to 0.8, right ventricular diastolic dysfunction is diagnosed, and if the value of the E/A ratio is greater than 0.8, the Ea/Aa ratio is additionally evaluated. If the value of the Ea/Aa ratio exceeds 0.8, the right ventricular diastolic function is preserved, if the value of the Ea/Aa ratio is less than or equal to 0.8, the following criteria are additionally assessed: the value of the E/Ea ratio (greater than or equal to 6), the Tei index (greater than or equal to 0.55), and RAI (greater than or equal to 34 ml/m²). In the presence of two of these criteria, right ventricular diastolic dysfunction is diagnosed; in the presence of the one criterion or their absence, diastolic function is preserved.

Limitations. This study is limited to a sample of workers of the main occupations in the coal industry who were examined at the Clinic of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases.

Conclusion. When using the method, the initial signs of the right ventricular diastolic dysfunction are revealed, which will allow the timely preventing of heart failure and contribute to prolonging the working longevity of miners.

Compliance with ethical standards. In accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association (ed. 2013), all subjects read and signed an informed consent to participate in the study, the protocol of which met the requirements of the Bioethics Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases (Protocol of the Meeting No. 4, § 2 dated November 18, 2021).

Contribution:
Korotenko O.Yu. – concept and design of the study, collection of material, writing the text;
Filimonov E.S. – data analysis.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: January 15, 2026 / Revised: February 19, 2026 / Accepted: March 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026

Introduction. Pre-clinical diagnostics is aimed at assessing human health for timely implementation of health-improving and preventive measures.

Goal. To substantiate an algorithm for pre-clinical diagnostics of the health by clinical signs and laboratory blood parameters in workers in the Arctic zone of Russia.

Materials and methods. We analyzed three thousand seven hundred seventy four blood samples in military personnel in the Arctic (n=51) and Subarctic (n=60): general clinical, biochemical (blood lipids, vitamins B₉, B₁₂, D), minerals (total and ionized Ca, K, Na, Mg, P, Fe). The groups were divided into two (up to 40 and over 40 years) and duration of work (up to 5 and up to 10 years). We assessed the adaptive reactions and nonspecific resistance of the body.

Results. An extensive blood test indicated the risk of developing B₉ and B₁₂ deficiency and iron deficiency anemia, hypotonic dehydration, and provided information about nonspecific resistance and the state of the body’s adaptive reactions. The presence and type of dyslipidemia was established; according to C-reactive protein – the risk of cardiovascular diseases; according to liver enzymes – the risk of iron deficiency and transferrin production. Determination of vitamins and minerals reflected the need depending on the duration of work in extreme conditions. The increase in changes and the duration of work indicated a adverse impact of regional conditions on the human body.

Limitations. Military personnel of health groups I–II who arrived in the conditions of the North from other regions and who have no contraindications for occupational activity there.

Conclusion. The need for differentiated implementation of preventive measures in various volumes in groups with different duration of work has been determined. The need for conducting research among workers during annual medical examinations regardless of age was proven, which will reduce the risk of developing diseases in the North.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in compliance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association. The conclusion of the Ethics Committee of the Privolzhsky Research Medical University was received, protocol No. 4 dated March 14, 2022. Each participant in the study gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and the publication of personal medical information in anonymized form in the journal “Hygiene and Sanitation”.

Contribuiton:
Rakhmanov R.S. – concept and design of the study, writing the text, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Bogomolova E.S. – editing, approval of the final version of the article;
Razgulin S.A. – collection of literature data, participation in the interpretation of results, preparation of the text;
Narutdinov D.A. – collection and systematization of primary material;
Antyuganov S.N. – statistical processing of the material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: March 31, 2025 / Revised: July 4, 2025 / Accepted: March 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026

The article presents a systematic analysis of the literature on working conditions and occupational attention is paid to the regulatory framework, classification of risk factors and preventive measures.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the working conditions and health risk factors in medical workers in diagnostic laboratories according to literary sources.

After analyzing the literature sources, we identified several groups of health risk factors for medical workers in diagnostic laboratories: chemical factors, biological factors, physical factors, radiation exposure, ergonomic factors, psycho-emotional factors, managerial factors.

Laboratory workers have been revealed to be at high risk of infectious diseases (hepatitis B/C, HIV), injuries from sharp piercing and cutting tools, exposure to chemicals and physical factors. Statistics show a high prevalence of injuries caused by non-compliance with safety standards.

At the same time, the positive impact of scientific and technological progress was noted: technological development leads to the emergence of new hazards: new chemicals, infectious agents, and equipment require constant monitoring of working conditions and updating occupational safety standards.

Conclusion. To ensure safe working conditions, it is necessary to systematically conduct a special assessment of working conditions, taking into account the specifics of laboratory activities. The introduction of modern protective equipment, the management of safe working hours and staff training are key measures to reduce occupational risks.

Contribution.
All authors contributed significantly to the research and preparation of the article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: May 13, 2025 / Revised: October 13, 2025 / Accepted: March 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026

Introduction. Assessing the health status in children and adolescents in the Russian Federation and identifying the main health risk factors under current conditions is a relevant task.

Materials and methods. A medical and statistical analysis of disease incidence and prevalence in children and adolescents from 2014 to 2023 for sixteen major disease classes according to ICD-10.

Results. Over the period 2014–2023, the incidence in children decreased by 5.7%, while the prevalence decreased by 0.9%; the incidence in adolescents increased by 2.5%, and the prevalence increased by 1.6%. A steady increase in incidence was observed for respiratory diseases. The prevalence increased steadily for the following classes: neoplasms, diseases of the eye and its adnexa, diseases of the respiratory system, congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities. A significant gain in the incidence of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and myopia was observed. Following diseases of the respiratory system, the leading ranks in the structure of the incidence and the prevalence in children and adolescents are diseases of the eye, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, digestive system, injuries poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes, and diseases of the skin. Trends toward an the increase in school-related diseases such as myopia and obesity, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system have been identified. Health risks for children and adolescents in modern conditions are associated with educational environment factors; the use of unsafe pedagogical technologies; the digital transformation of education; physical inactivity; unhealthy diets; health-risk behaviors among children and adolescents; the management of medical care in educational settings; insufficient knowledge and competence of teaching staff in protecting and promoting student health; and insufficient interagency collaboration among executive authorities in the field of student health protection and promotion.

Limitations. The limitations of this study are determined by the data sample covering the period from 2014 to 2023.

Conclusion. Identifying patterns in the development of diseases among children and adolescents, as well as managing health risk factors in the child population, is possible within the framework of the social hygiene monitoring system.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study design does not require approval by an independent Ethics Committee.

Contribution:
Kuchma V.R. – study concept and design, data analysis, writing the text, editing the article;
Rapoport I.K. – study design, data collection, data processing, data analysis, writing the text, editing the article;
Sedova A.S. – study design, data analysis, editing the article;
Sokolova S.B. – data processing, data analysis, writing the text, editing the article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: February 3, 2026 /Accepted: March 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026

Introduction. β-cryptoxanthin is a vitamin А precursor. Sources with high levels of β-cryptoxanthin are pepper varieties (red, cayenne, chili, paprika), persimmon, papaya, sweet red pepper.

The aim of the study is a hygienic assessment of the structure of food sources of β-cryptoxanthin in the diet and the frequency of their use. The tasks of the study are to assess the frequency of inclusion of food sources of β-cryptoxanthin in the diet in different seasons; to identify food sources of β-cryptoxanthin that are absent in the diet of respondents.

Materials and methods. A frequency method was used to assess the frequency of inclusion of food sources of β-cryptoxanthin in the diet. An online questionnaire was specially developed. The survey was based on the Google forms platform in the summer-autumn and in the winter. The study involved two hundred eighty two respondents.

Results. More than a third of respondents’ weekly diet includes fresh red sweet pepper, paprika, and red pepper spices. Reliable seasonal differences in the inclusion of β-cryptoxanthin food sources in the diet were found for persimmons, oranges, tangerines, corn, Sriracha sauce, nectarines and apricots. Among the available sources of β-cryptoxanthin in the diet of most respondents are absent or rarely present orange-grapefruit juice, peaches, nectarines, apricots, watermelon, prunes, jalapeno and chili peppers, sauces, and cayenne pepper spice.

Limitations. The limitations of this study are the age group analyzed (students) and the region of observation (Moscow and the Moscow region).

Conclusion. Common food sources of β-cryptoxanthin include fresh and cooked red, yellow, and green sweet peppers; paprika, red pepper, and chili pepper spices; potato chips; orange juice; dried cilantro; hot pepper sauce; coriander; peaches. Seasonal sources include nectarines and apricots in the summer and fall; and persimmons, oranges, tangerines, corn, and Sriracha sauce in the winter. A number of readily available food sources of β-cryptoxanthin are absent from the diets in most respondents or are included in them sporadically.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethical committee of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University) (meeting protocol No. 03-20 dated 13/02/2020), and was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki for physicians conducting medical and biological research involving human subjects (as amended 2013).

Contribution:
Kirpichenkova E.V. – the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing text;
Korolev A.A. – the concept and design of the study, editing text;
Nikitenko E.I. – collection and processing of material, editing text;
Denisova E.L. – collection and processing of material;
Onishchenko G.G. – scientific consulting.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: November 11, 2025 / Accepted: March 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026

Research conducted over the past 40 years has pointed to the potential roles of lithium as an essential micronutrient. One criterion for the essentiality of a micronutrient is its constant presence in drinking water from natural sources. The lithium content in the aquatic environment varies significantly depending on the geographic area. Lithium is present in varying concentrations in the aquatic environment: from 0.07 to 40 µg/L in fresh water and from 170 to 190 µg/L in seawater. In groundwater, the concentration of Li ion is usually higher than in surface water and ranges from 0.05 to 150 µg/L. A meta-analysis of one hundred fifty seven reports showed that the average Li concentration in various drinking water samples was 5.4 µg/L. An analysis of lithium content in 18 brands of bottled natural mineral water showed two groups of waters: with a low Li content (up to 11 µg Li/l) and with a high Li content (more than 100 µg/l). Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies have confirmed higher lithium levels in public drinking water to be associated with lower suicide rates and aggressive crime. The concentration of lithium in drinking water is the main factor that significantly affects its daily consumption and the implementation of the biological effects of lithium ions. In Russia, most of the studied drinking water sources contain very small amounts of lithium (from 3 to 160 µg/L). Therefore, if it is necessary to replenish the lithium deficiency, Russians can use special medicinal table bottled water or vitamin and mineral complexes based on non-toxic lithium salts with organic anions.

Contribution.
The authors contributed equally to this article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: May 9, 2025 / Accepted: March 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026

Introduction. Ensuring the population has access to drinking water that meets sanitary and epidemiological requirements remains highly important in conditions where existing centralized water supply systems do not always guarantee consistent compliance with hygiene standards. In this context, a priority hygiene task is to assess the safety of alternative sources of drinking water supply, which may include vending machines for water dispensing. A hygiene assessment of water from vending machines and drinking water from the centralized water supply system in the Vladimir Region will help determine the feasibility of using them to optimize the population’s drinking regimen.

Materials and methods. Based on monitoring data for drinking water from the centralized water supply system in the Vladimir Region for 2018–2025 and the results of analyzing twenty five water samples from water vending machines in the city of Vladimir, an instrumental assessment of the chemical composition was carried out using X‑ray fluorescence analysis and capillary electrophoresis, followed by an evaluation of compliance with hygiene standards (SanPiN 1.2.3685–21). The non‑carcinogenic health risk assessment for adult and child populations was performed in accordance with R 2.1.10.3968–23, including the calculation of the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI), taking into account age‑related exposure factors.

Results. Drinking water from the centralized water supply system in a number of administrative districts of the Vladimir Region has been established to be characterized by exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) for fluoride, phosphates, nitrates, magnesium, and iron. Furthermore, there is an observed exceedance of the acceptable level of non‑carcinogenic health risk for the population, especially children (HQ > 1.0; HI up to 2.21). Water from vending machines in the city of Vladimir complies with the hygiene standards of SanPiN 1.2.3685–21 and is not associated with any health risk. However, its insufficient mineralization has been identified (after passing through the post‑treatment system), which requires correction to ensure physiological adequacy.

Limitations. These findings are related to the assessment of water quality from vending machines, which was carried out on a limited sample (25 samples) collected exclusively in the city of Vladimir. Additionally, the study did not include a microbiological analysis of water from vending machines. The health risk calculations were performed using the maximum concentration values, which may lead to an overestimation of the calculated HQ and HI values.

Conclusion. The consumption of drinking water from vending machines by the population should be accompanied by increased information transparency of water vending machine operators and improvement of the regulatory framework for regulating the quality of tap water.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require a biomedical ethics committee opinion.

Contribution:
Martsev A.A. – concept and design of the study, collection of material and data processing, writing the text and final structuring of the article for publication;
Kosmacheva A.G. – sampling, writing the text;
Selivanov O.G. – sampling, writing the text;
Kurbatov Yu.N. – laboratory research;
Trifonova T.A. – concept and design of the study.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 1, 2025 / Accepted: March 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026

Introduction. Abakan is the administrative and industrial center of Khakassia, characterized by a multi-profile specialization of the economy. Pollutant emissions into the city atmosphere are created by enterprises of various industries, which can lead to the formation of a risk to public health.

The study aim was to assess the health risk to the population of Abakan due to the exposure to air pollutants.

Materials and methods. The work used official data on gross emissions into the atmosphere of Abakan from industrial sources and concentrations of pollutants in 2022–2024 at two monitoring Roshydromet observation posts. Maximum permissible concentrations of atmospheric pollutants were assessed according to the Sanitary Rules and Norms 1.2.3685–21. The risks to public health were calculated in accordance with Guidelines Р 2.1.10.1920–04 and R 2.1.10.3968–23.

Results. Exceeding the maximum one-time concentrations of suspended solids, carbon monoxide, phenol, formaldehyde, and average annual concentrations of suspended solids, formaldehyde, and benz(a)pyrene were detected. Hazard quotients (HQ) for acute inhalation exposure to pollutants were at the permissible or minimal level. Alarming levels of non-carcinogenic risk were formed with chronic exposure to suspended matter (HQ: 1.36–1.59) and formaldehyde (HQ: 1.63–2.57); high levels – from benz(a)pyrene (HQ: 5–9.3). The risk of acute inhalation exposure to suspended matter on the respiratory system corresponded to the permissible level in 2022–2023 (Hazard index (HI): 1.11–1.39). Chronic inhalation risk to the respiratory system was determined by primary exposure to particulate matter and formaldehyde, corresponding to the warning level (HI: 4.13–5.67). Chronic effects of benz(a)pyrene on development formed high risks in 2022 (6.47–9.78) and alarming risks in 2023–2024 (HI: 3.87–4.68). The total individual carcinogenic risk corresponded to the acceptable level, with formaldehyde accounting for the largest share of this risk (86.2–95.8%).

Limitations consisted in using data on the maximum one-time and average annual concentrations of pollutants contained in the atmospheric air of Abakan for risk calculations, based only on data from monitoring observation posts.

Conclusion. The obtained results of public health risk assessment can be criteria for the effectiveness of atmospheric protection measures implemented in Abakan within the framework of the federal project “Clean Air”.

Compliance with ethical standards. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee.

Contribution:
Surzhikov D.V. – concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing;
Kislitsyna V.V. – literature review, writing the text, editing;
Likontseva Yu.S. – collection and processing of material;
Shtaiger V.A. – collection and processing of material;
Golikov R.A. – collection and processing of material.
All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: January 26, 2026 / Revised: April 20, 2026 / Accepted: April 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026

Introduction. Biotesting can be used to assess the safety of various chemicals.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of deep eutectic solvents: choline chloride+glycerol+water, choline chloride+citric acid+water, and citric acid+glycerol+water using phytotest and Allium test.

Materials and methods. The research methods included phytotesting carried out on test crops of Sinapis alba L. and Avena nuda L. according to the standard method with root length measurement after experimental exposure for 72 hours and calculation of the of the phytoinhibitory effect (PIE,%) and Allium test with germination of bulbs in solutions for 96 hours.

Results. At a 10% concentration, all DESs exhibited toxicity. [ChCl][Gly]₂[H₂O]₁₁ at 1% and 0.1% concentrations showed weak to moderate phytotoxicity, with growth inhibition by 38% and 34% in S. alba and 33% and 35% in A. nuda. [ChCl][Cit]₂[H₂O]₄₃ and [Cit][Gly]₄[H₂O]₂₀ at 0.1% concentration also demonstrated weak phytotoxicity, with growth inhibition by 34% and 50% in S. alba and 43% and 26% in A. nuda, respectively. The Allium test revealed toxic effects for all DESs, except [ChCl][Gly]₂[H₂O]₁₁ at 1% and 0.1% and [ChCl][Cit]₂[H₂O]₄₃ at 0.1%, where no significant toxicity was observed. A statistically significant decrease in the mitotic index and the occurrence of chromosomal stickiness were noted in the Allium test.

Limitations. Use of only plant objects for toxicity assessment.

Conclusion. [ChCl][Gly]₂[H₂O]₁₁ exhibited weak to moderate toxicity, consistent with existing literature. These findings can guide the development of safety assessment methods for DESs in industrial applications.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.

Contribution:
Smirnova M.V. – the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of the material, statistical processing, writing text;
Koigerova A.A. – the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of the material, statistical processing, writing text;
Tsvetov N.S. – writing text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. This work was carried out within the frameworks of Research Contracts No. FMEZ-2025-0064.

Received: July 4, 2025 / Revised: July 22, 2025 / Accepted: March 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026

The group of chloroacetanilides (chloroacetamides) comprises compounds widely used as herbicides in many countries around the world, including the Russian Federation. This group includes substances such as alachlor, acetochlor, butachlor, dimethenamid, metazachlor, metolachlor, and propisochlor. Currently, both Russian and international researchers agree on the effectiveness of these compounds against monocotyledonous grasses and certain dicotyledonous weed species. Despite their high efficacy, the use of the studied compounds, due to their toxicity, increases the risk of adverse effects on the health of workers and the general population.

The search for toxicological data, including information on delayed and specific effects, was conducted using existing literature, final reports of the European Food Safety Authority (hereinafter – EFSA), and accessible informational resources and databases (Codex Alimentarius, FAO/WHO, Extoxnet, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Springer Nature Link, CyberLeninka, PubMed, Elibrary).

The toxicity of chloroacetanilide group compounds has been established to vary. These substances are characterized by delayed effects and are metabolized in the bodies of mammals and in environmental objects to more toxic metabolites, some of which enhance the damaging effects of the parent compounds. Both the parent compounds and their metabolites are toxic to ecosystems, aquatic organisms, birds, honeybees, earthworms, and wild mammals. They are persistent in soil and exhibit mobility in groundwater (FOCUS model).

It should be noted that the existing literature lacks information regarding the toxic effects of the studied group of compounds under conditions of chronic inhalation exposure. This gap constitutes scientific interest and substantiates the need for corresponding experimental studies.

Contribution:
Sinitskaya T.A. – the concept and design of the study, editing;
Poroshin M.A. – processing of material, writing text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 14, 2025 / Revised: November 20, 2025 / Accepted: March 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026