Vol 32, No 2 (2021)

The high frequency of embryonic and fetal losses caused by Intrauterine malformations (lUMs) and the significant contribution of malformations to the structure of causes of Infant mortality, morbidity, and disability define their important medical and social values. The European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCA T) has shown that 1.7 million newborns with lUMs are born annually In the world. The WHO has estimated that annually 303,000 newborns die within 4 weeks of birth worldwide due to congenital anomalies. According to various researchers, the contribution of this pathology to the structure of infant mortality In the Russian Federation is up to 35-40%, whereas the rate of birth of babies with lUMs is 4-6%. The results of numerous studies demonstrate the heterogeneity of the causes of lUMs (genetic, chromosomal, teratogenic, etc.), although the nature of IUMs remains unknown and is multi factorial in most cases (65-70%). Both epidemiological and experimental studies are a source of information to recognize potential risk factors for I UMs and to generate hypotheses for future Investigations when studying the Interaction between environmental factors and malformations.

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the most prevalent pathologies of the maxillofacial region. Nowadays, knowledge about the various etlopathogenetlc factors of this pathology and their prevalence plays an important role, which will help not only In early diagnosis and counseling of expectant parents, but also In planning an Interdisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment. The aim of the study was to Identify etiological risk factors and the mechanism of CLP development, as well as to analyze the frequency of this pathology. The information analysis of 40 sources of domestic and foreign literature for the period from 2003 to 2019 was carried out. A close relationship between etiological risk factors and the birth rate of children with CLP was revealed.

Leptin is a peptide hormone derived from adipocytes that contributes to the homeostatic regulation of energy balance and metabolism (primarily fat) through the humoral and nerve pathways. Leptin acts on neurons in specific areas of the brain, such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and brainstem, to regulate food Intake, thermogenesis, energy expenditure, and lipid and glucose metabolism. A biomarker of leptin resistance Is abnormally elevated levels of circulating leptin, which is common In obese people. Leptin resistance is defined as a decreased sensitivity or Inability of the brain to respond to leptin, which is accompanied by impaired ability of leptin to suppress appetite or increase energy expenditure, which ultimately leads to overweight, obesity, other metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. Leptin resistance is an Important clinical problem; however, no dmgs have yet been found to correct It, and this is primarily due to significant gaps in the pathophysiology of leptin. At the same time, more and more data are emerging on new mechanisms of leptin resistance. Here, we have combined data from studies related to leptin resistance and associated diseases in order to better understand the physiology and pathophysiology of leptin, and also described new strategies for the treatment of lipid disorders, in particular obesity.

The article in the format of a mini-lecture is devoted to the problem of HIV Infection. Data on the history of the virus in the 20s of the last century are presented. The mechanisms of infection and the risks of infection with the virus through various actions are considered. The main modern approaches to the prevention and treatment of the disease are briefly described, and the concept of the AIDS stage Is given.

The paper Is devoted to the assessment and consideration of epidemiological risks for Infection with the novel coronavirus Infection COVID-19 during endoscopic examinations In a COVID hospital. During endoscopic examinations, Information about the situations characterized by a high risk for contact with the novel coronavirus Infection COVID-19 (with the typical clinical and radiological Images In the patient when the clinical diagnosis is based on the conclusion «a suspected novel coronavirus infection COVID-19»), should be entered into the special reporting form «the accounting log for epidemic risks in the endoscopy room» as having a negative epidemiological potential. The proposed list of additional epidemiological risks occurring during the work of endoscopy departments and rooms In a coronavirus hospital Is Intended to protect the rights of endoscopic service workers and to help them establish a professional diagnosis.

In the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity has been Increasing in the developed countries, and as Russians population will adopt an increasingly western lifestyle, we can also expect this trend to manifest itself In Russia Objective: to estimate the dynamics of overweight prevalence among males In the 35-44 and 45-54 age groups during 5- and 15-year monitorings of the Tyumen population. Subjects and methods One-stage epidemiological studies were conducted on the representative samples formed among males in the 35-44 and 45-54 age groups in 1995,2000, and 2010. Overweight was defined according to the traditional body mass index (BMI). Obesity was registered in Individuals with a BMI of >30.0 kg/m2 (BM11) (strict criteria); overweight was in those with a BMI of >25.0 kg/m2 (BMI 2) (extended criteria). Results. The population distribution of BMI in the male Tyumen population is characterized by a shift to the right, which determines the high prevalence of overweight In the 35-44 and 45-54 age groups. The 5-year monitoring of the Tyumen population revealed a negative trend towards an increase in the prevalence of obesity in the fourth decade of life; and the 15-year monitoring showed this trend In the fourth and fifth decades of life. The 15-year monitoring of overweight prevalence In the Tyumen population revealed a negative trend towards an increase in this indicator in the fourth and fifth decades of life. Conclusion. The results of the Tyumen population monitoring, on the one hand, raise concerns about negative changes in increasing BMI among males of socially active age, on the other hand, show that the population health change in each period of time and in each individual population requires comprehensive, epldemiologically determined preventive measures.

The paper analyzes the mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety of the topical anesthetic Anesta®-A for topical local application in cosmetology. It gives the data of a comparative study of using the drug In various cosmetic manipulations and shows the advantages of the cream with lidocaine/prilocaine combination versus other topical local anesthetics (TLA). The proven analgesic effect and good safety profile of the cream Anesta®-A allow the latter to be considered as a first-line and optimal drug from the TLA group for various Invasive procedures.

The authors propose to use a system for intensive functioning of the forensic medical service for the needs of a cardiology service, by having previously adapted the latter to individual characteristics. The paper presents the positive results of a long-term study of the operation of the system when it is used in practice.

According to labor legislation medical checkups are obligatory for workers exposed to occupational hazards as well as in the places having harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions. In Russia since April 1,2021, these screenings will be carried out in the manner prescribed in the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation as of January 28,2021 No29n (hereinafter - order No29n). This article Identifies some difficulties In the shift to a new fundamental order for medical checkups conduction. The issues raised by employers' representatives, healthcare organizations and supervisory authorities In this context are assessed. The article contains a comparison table of occupational hazards and harmful and dangerous works listed In the clauses of Order No.29n and Order No.302n of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation as of April 12,2011.