Farmaciya (Pharmacy)

Introduction. In this article authors analyze the features of providing the front and rear with medicines during the Great Patriotic War. The particular attention is paid to the serious damage caused by the German fascist invaders to the pharmaceutical industry and establishing a supply of medicines and medical supplies to Leningrad. Along with the characteristics of drugs and hygiene and care products produced at factories evacuated to safe regions of the USSR, the article also notes the contribution of medical and pharmaceutical enterprises of besieged Leningrad to saving the lives and health of citizens and the military.

Objective: To study the features of the adaptation of pharmaceutical production to the requirements of wartime and to characterize the discoveries of Soviet scientists in the field of pharmacy and medical practice during the Great Patriotic War.

Material and methods. The study is based on the study of published information about pharmaceutical industry during the Great Patriotic War. The research methods used to achieve the stated objectives are historical and descriptive methods.

Results. The work considered the achievements of Soviet scientists who worked in military conditions. The work characterized the activities of N.V. Lazarev, who worked on stimulants of the nervous system in combat conditions; Z.V. Ermolyeva, who isolated the first domestic penicillin – crustosin, as well as cholera bacteriophage; G.F. Gause and M.G. Brazhnikova, who synthesized gramicidin C; G.P. Gemp, who made a number of discoveries in the field of algology; discoveries of N.I. Alexandrov, N.E. Gefen, N.N. Zhukova-Verezhnikova, M.P. Pokrovsky, E.I. Korobkova, M.M. Faibich, N.F. Gamaleya in the field of immunology.

Conclusion. Despite the difficult conditions, the Great Patriotic War gave impetus to the development of the pharmaceutical industry in the field of immunology, therapy and vaccination. Existing enterprises were modernized and their production capacity was increased.

Introduction. A number of excipients such as propylene glycol, sorbitol and glycerol used in the manufacture of soft dosage forms can be sources of toxic impurities of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol. The content of these impurities must be controlled for the safe use of such pharmaceuticals. The high level of toxicity of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol, low standards of their content, as well as the variety and complexity of the composition of dosage forms require the use of highly sensitive and selective analytical techniques.

Objective. Development and validation of methods for quantitative determination of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol by gas chromatography in five samples of soft dosage forms of different composition.

Material and Methods. The object of the study was five samples of soft dosage forms. The composition of these pharmaceutical preparations includes propylene glycol and various macrogol compounds.

Results. Methods of quantitative determination of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol by GC-FID method in five samples of soft dosage forms of different composition were developed. It was demonstrated that the differences in the composition of the studied objects require an individual approach to the analysis of these impurities - selection of chromatographic columns and temperature regimes, allowing to separate the analyzed components from the drug matrix. The applicability of the developed analytical methods for quantitative determination of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in the studied preparations was confirmed within the framework of validation experiments.

Conclusion. This study demonstrated the possibility of using the GC-FID method to control the content of impurities of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in five soft dosage forms of different composition.

Introduction. Excipients used in the production of solid dosage forms may contain impurities of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol, posing a potential risk to patient safety. Due to the high toxicity of these compounds and reported poisoning cases, their presence in pharmaceutical products must be strictly controlled. Currently, standardized analytical methods have been developed for liquid dosage forms, however, their application to other pharmaceutical forms requires adaptation, considering differences in composition and sample preparation.

Objective: to develop and validate a gas chromatography method for the quantitative determination of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in effervescent tablets.

Material and methods. The object of the study was effervescent tablets containing polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) as an excipient. The analysis was carried out using a Chromateс Crystal 5000.2 gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector. The validation included the assessment of specificity, linearity, LOQ, precision, accuracy, analytical range, robustness, and stability.

Results. The developed method ensures the selective determination of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in effervescent tablets. Optimized sample preparation conditions provide efficient extraction of target compounds. During validation, the method was confirmed to meet the established criteria for all evaluated parameters. The method is applicable for the quantitative determination of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in the concentration range from LOQ to 150% of the specification level. However, due to the limited stability of solutions, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the specified storage conditions.

Conclusion. A gas chromatography method with flame ionization detection has been developed and validated for the quantitative determination of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in effervescent tablets. The method meets the established requirements and can be used for quality control of solid dosage forms.

Introduction. The solubility rate is a critical aspect of the physicochemical parameters of a pharmaceutical substance that determines the bioavailability profile during the development of a drug formulation. Limited solubility slows down the absorption process and release rates, resulting in insufficient active concentration for a pronounced clinical effect. An innovative solution to improve the pharmacokinetic parameters and therapeutic profile of a substance is the method of "solid dispersions." Solid dispersions of tamsulosin with hydrophilic polymers are a promising direction in the development of new drug formulations with improved characteristics.

Objective. To investigate the effect of solid dispersions prepared with polyethylene glycol-1500 (PEG) on the solubility of tamsulosin hydrochloride in aqueous media.

Material and methods. The object of the study was tamsulosin hydrochloride. Polyethylene glycol-1500 (PEG-1500) was used as the matrix polymer. Solid dispersions of tamsulosin were prepared by the solvent evaporation method.

Results. The developed solid dispersions with tamsulosin increase the solubility and dissolution rate of tamsulosin hydrochloride in water. They enhance the solubility of tamsulosin from PEG-1500-based solid dispersion by 2.92 times compared to the original substance. A comprehensive analysis using various physicochemical methods–UV-spectrophotometry, crystal structure analysis, and optical properties analysis of the Faraday–Kendall effect in the developed solutions-reveals that the increased solubility of tamsulosin from solid dispersions can be attributed to the loss of crystalline structure and the formation of a "solid solution" with the polymer matrix. Upon dissolving the solid dispersion in water, a stable colloidal solution is formed.

Conclusion. The solid dispersions obtained with the hydrophilic polymer PEG-1500 facilitate enhanced dissolution of tamsulosin in water. It is planned to utilize these results for developing fast-dissolving drug forms and enteric-coated capsules of tamsulosin with increased bioavailability and controlled release.

Introduction. In the system of higher medical and pharmaceutical education, there is a growing need to implement new educational technologies. For educational institutions, virtual reality (VR) represents a promising educational technology to enhance student engagement and adapt them to practical conditions.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of using VR technologies in the educational process of students studying pharmacy.

Material and methods. The study was conducted as part of the "Pharmaceutical Propedeutic Internship" using the VR simulator "Virtual Full-Service Pharmacy," developed on the VR application platform Unreal Engine with the Oculus Quest 2 virtual reality headset. Using the VR simulator or traditional methods, students solved situational tasks (cases) of two types: "Consultation and sale of over-the-counter medications" and "Placement of medicines and pharmacy assortment goods upon receipt in the pharmacy." Students then completed their internship at a prototype pharmacy based on the virtual pharmacy, solving the cases in practice.

Results. The results of the study showed the usefulness of applying VR for mastering practical skills in tasks involving interaction with virtual objects (the case focused on the placement of medicines and pharmacy goods). The survey indicated that students showed a high interest in learning with VR, which points to a positive perception of this technology in the educational process. At the same time, drawbacks related to the management of VR devices and physiological discomfort were identified. A SWOT analysis of the prospects of VR technologies in educational practice confirmed the feasibility of further development and integration into the training of pharmacy students.

Conclusion. The use of VR technologies in the educational process of pharmacy students can improve the results of theoretical training and accelerate adaptation to real-world conditions during subsequent internships, especially in tasks involving active interaction with 3D objects. The discomfort reported by some students from using VR equipment indicates the need for improvements in both the hardware and software components of the simulator.