Vol 74, No 5 (2025)

Introduction. The Tatar maple (Acer tataricum L.) is a deciduous tree or tall shrub up to 8 m tall, which is widespread in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe, Asia Minor and the Caucasus. The analysis of scientific literature suggests the prospects of Tatar maple as a source of biologically active compounds. Thus, the leaves of the Tatar maple contain phenolic compounds (methyl gallate, tannins), which may have antimicrobial activity. The extract of Acer tataricum subsp. is being actively studied abroad. ginnala is a remedy with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Of great interest are polyphenols of species of the genus Acer L. – derivatives of gallic acid (ginnalin A, etc.), which have anti-cancer activity.

The aim is study of the antibacterial activity of ginnalin A and water-alcohol extraction from the leaves of the Tatar maple (Acer tataricum L.)

Material and methods. The leaves of the Tatar maple (harvest date – June 2024) in the area of the Sokolikh Mountains of Samara (Dubki Forest Park) were used as the material. The drying of raw materials was carried out naturally under a canopy without direct sunlight. By the method of modified maceration from leaves based on an extractant – ethyl alcohol at a concentration of 70% in a ratio of “raw material – extractant” 1:5, a tincture was obtained, a 0.3% solution of ginnalin A was prepared in 70% ethyl alcohol, as well as a comparison preparation – eucalyptus tincture. Ginnalin A was isolated using column chromatography from evaporated water-alcohol extraction of Tatar maple leaves and identified based on physico-chemical constants, as well as UV and NMR spectra data. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out by double serial dilution in a Muller-Hinton nutrient broth (Bio-Rad, USA). Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 29213), Candida albicans (ATCC 90028), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883), Enterococcus faecalis were used as test cultures. (ATCC 29212), Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 17978). Incubation was carried out at a temperature of 35°C for 24 hours. The results were evaluated visually by the presence/absence of microbial growth in the wells of the tablet with appropriate dilutions of the studied samples.

Results. As a result of a comparative microbiological study, it was found that tincture of Tatar maple leaves in 70% ethyl alcohol and ginnalin A have antibacterial activity against strains of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli, B. cereus, C. albicans, K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, A. baumannii. The tincture of Tatar maple leaves in 70% ethyl alcohol and ginnalin A have the most pronounced antibacterial activity in relation to E. faecalis, A. baumannii and B. cereus, which have an antibacterial effect superior to the comparison drug eucalyptus tincture.

Conclusion. Thus, it was determined that the tincture of Tatar maple leaves and ginnalin A in 70% ethyl alcohol have a more pronounced antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumannii and B. cereus strains, compared with the comparison drug eucalyptus tincture.

Introduction. Based on research of scientific data, to conduct a comprehensive review and comparative characteristics of the effectiveness of the use of herbal medicines for the treatment of urolithiasis.

Aim. Study of scientific works on the analysis of their influence on stones and clinical outcomes at the stages of preparation for remote lithotripsy and in the postoperative period, as well as comparison of their therapeutic activity with the use of only antispasmodics or lithotripsy without additional pharmacotherapy.

Methods. The following information resources were used to search for relevant studies: electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, elibrary, CyberLeninka and Cochrane Library. The following key queries were used in the work: “urolithiasis”, “phytotherapy”, “rowatinex”, “canephron”, “urolesan”, “phytolysin”, “cystone”. The search depth was 33 years (1992–2025). A total of 2330 publications were found, after excluding duplicates, invalid works, publications with no free access to the full text, the final number of works included in this literature review in the direction of “herbal medicine” and “urolithiasis” was 16. The total number of sources in the article is 34.

Results. The conducted analysis of scientific literature allowed to establish that medicinal herbal preparations demonstrate significant efficiency in the treatment of urolithiasis. Combined use of herbal preparations with remote lithotripsy showed advantages in decreasing the frequency of complications, decreasing the size of stones, facilitating their passage and decreasing the need for repeated procedures. The review confirms the advisability of including herbal medicine in complex treatment regimens for urolithiasis.

Conclusion. Analysis of literary data confirmed the effectiveness of herbal medicines in the treatment of urolithiasis, in combination with lithotripsy.

Introduction. Disposal of food industry waste is an urgent problem that requires a solution. Hundreds of tons of meal from the food and pharmaceutical industries remain unclaimed, although they could become the basis for the creation of new medicines and biologically active food additives. One of the waste products of the food industry is the integumentary scales of garlic, which contain natural antioxidants – polyphenols. However, at present, in scientific medicine, garlic scales have been studied little and are not used in pharmacy. Purpose of the study: development of technology for extract of garlic scales of the winter variety “Petrovsky”.

Material and methods. The material was dried winter garlic scales, harvested from cultivated garlic in the Stavropol Territory in 2023. Identification of anthocyanins in the raw material and extract was carried out by thin-layer chromatography and by the characteristic maximum in the light absorption spectrum. Quantitative determination of anthocyanins was carried out by spectrophotometry, after establishing the optimal parameters for their extraction from raw materials (degree of grinding, extraction time, type of extractant, type of extraction). The extract was obtained by repercolation with a completed cycle in a battery of three percolators using the countercurrent principle. The assessment of quality indicators (appearance, dry residue, alcohol concentration in the extract, content of active substances) and functional characteristics of the finished extract was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Global Fund.

Results. As a result of the experiments, the optimal parameters for the extraction of anthocyanins from scales were established, and a comparative assessment was carried out using 1% solutions of hydrochloric acid and citric acid as extractants in the quantitative determination method. The developed spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of anthocyanins in raw materials made it possible to establish their content as 0.501±0.012%, using a specific absorption index of cyanidin 3-5-diglycoside equal to 453. The determination error did not exceed ±2.5%. The commodity and technological indicators of the raw materials were determined, the concentration of the extractant (ethyl alcohol), and the conditions for extracting the raw materials were substantiated. A technology has been developed for liquid extract of garlic scales using the repercolation method, dividing the raw material into equal parts with a completed cycle. The analysis of the obtained extract was carried out according to pharmacopoeial indicators: appearance, dry residue, alcohol concentration in the extract, content of active substances.

Conclusion. The results of the research can serve as a basis for further studies of the biological activity of the obtained extract as a remedy with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Introduction. The relevance of regulating the pharmacy sector in Russia is growing against the backdrop of a dynamic pharmaceutical market facing problems with the availability of drugs and the influence of network structures.The study aims to analyze the legal regulation and prospects of the pharmacy sector.

Objective of the study. Conducting an analysis of the directions and features of legal regulation of the Russian pharmaceutical market, taking into account the existing risks and prospects for the development of the pharmacy sector, the availability of drug supply.

Material and methods. The materials were regulatory legal acts, results of analytical research of the pharmaceutical market, data from the register of licenses of Roszdravnadzor. The research methods included content analysis of regulatory legal acts and literature sources in the field of drug circulation, regulation of competitive markets, methods of retrospective, statistical, comparative and forecast analysis.

Results. The analysis of the pharmaceutical market revealed problems associated with its monopolization and reduced availability of drug care for some categories of citizens. The main problems include imbalance among market participants, territorial unevenness of pharmacy infrastructure and the lack of unified mechanisms for approaches to regulation for the state segment. The article presents an analysis of changes in legislation on regulating the pharmaceutical market, taking into account the main trends in the development of the pharmacy sector and the availability of drug provision. The vector of legal regulation aimed at increasing the availability of drug care and counteracting the monopolization of the market is noted. The problems of regulating pharmacy chains are identified due to the imperfect terminology, the lack of a differentiated approach when introducing the proposed antimonopoly restrictions. The risks of negative consequences for the development of individual market participants, including in the state segment, the availability of drug care in remote and sparsely populated areas are predicted.

Conclusion. The key problems associated with the specifics of the current stage of development of the pharmaceutical market have been identified. Recommendations for improving legislation can contribute to the development of the pharmacy sector and increase the availability of drug care.