Amino acid composition of gallstones and its connection with the mineral component

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Abstract

The study of the amino acid composition of gallstones of the Komi Republic residents has shown the significant differences in cholesterol and pigment specimens. It has been revealed that during formation of the carbonate or phosphate component in gallstones, the specificity of the protein component is of great importance. It is shown that the content of amino acids is higher in samples with presence of the mineral component and is non-uniform through the cross-section of gallstones. The presence of D-forms of amino acids in pigment and cholesterol gallstones is a consequence of the participation in their formation of various microorganisms.

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About the authors

Ekaterina V. Mashina

Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: borovkova@geo.komisc.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7653-9625
SPIN-code: 4327-4540
Scopus Author ID: 57194204880

Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Experimental Mineralogy, Institute of Geology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the RAS

Russian Federation, 167982, Komi Republic, Syktyvkar, Pervomayskaya, 54

Svetlana N. Shanina

Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the RAS

Email: shanina@geo.komisc.ru

Candidate of geological - mineralogical sciences, Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Experimental Mineralogy, Institute of Geology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the RAS

Russian Federation, 167982, Komi Republic, Syktyvkar, Pervomayskaya, 54

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Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
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2. Fig. 1. IR-spectrum of cholesterol gallstone (Sample 2).

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3. Fig. 2. X-ray powder patterns of cholesterol gallstones containing: a — aragonite (Sample 76); б — vaterite (Sample 74).

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4. Fig. 3. X-ray powder pattern of the pigment gallstone containing aragonite (Sample 79).

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5. Fig. 4. SEM images of gallstone chips: a — calcium phosphate (sample 33), б — fungal microflora (sample 43), в — eggs of helminths (sample 33), г — vaterite (sample 58), д — microinclusion of silicon dioxide (sample 83), e — pigment stone with calcium phosphate in its center (sample 55); ж — pigment stone with calcium carbonate crust (sample 79); з — an enlarged fragment of calcium carbonate (sample 79).

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6. Fig. 5. Changing content of amino acids in cholesterol (1—4) and pigment (5—8) gallstones: 1 — without mineral component, 2 — containing calcium phosphate, 3 — with vaterite, 4 — with aragonite; 5 — without mineral component, 6 — with calcium phosphate, 7 — with calcium carbonate, 8 — with silicon dioxide. max — maximum and min — minimum concentrations of amino acids.

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7. Fig. 6. Group distribution of amino acids in cholesterol (a) and pigment (б) gallstones.

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8. Fig. 7. Individual distribution of amino acids in layers study of cholesterol gallstones: a — 33 — outer part, 33-1 — central part with calcium phosphate; б — 58 — central part; 58-1 — outer part with vaterite; в — 76 — central part; 76-1 — outer part with aragonite. Ala — alanine, Val — valine, Gly — glycine, Iie — isoleucine, Ser — serine, Leu — leucine, Pro — proline, Asp — aspartic acid, Glu — glutamic acid, Phe — phenylalanine, Tyr — tyrosine, Hyp — hydroxyproline, Lys — lysine.

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9. Fig. 8. Ratio of the sum of acid amino acids (∑KAM) to the calcium content (Ca) in cholesterol stones. Samples 1, 9 — stones without mineral component; Sample 58 — central part without a mineral component; Sample 58-1 — outer part of a stone containing vaterite; Samples 2, 43б, 51 — stones with calcium phosphate; Sample 76 — stone with aragonite. Sample 55 — pigment stone containing calcium phosphate.

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