编号 1 (2025)

The article considers the possibility of creating the first natural radon emanation facility in Russia on Mount Beshtau, Caucasian Mineral Waters. The most suitable places for creating a radon emanation facility are the adits located within the lower horizons of the uranium mine on Mount Beshtau. The studies have shown that the average radon volume activity range from 50 to 354 kBq/m³ at the mouths of the lower adits, which is sufficient for creating an emanation facility. The values of radon flux density from the soil surface in areas of increased rock fracturing, which are likely to communicate with the mine space, reach values exceeding 8000 mBq/m²∙s. The main recommendations for creating a radon emanation facility are presented. The creation of an emanation facility will help attracting new visitors to Caucasian Mineral Waters and will also make it possible to offer new medical services for treating a range of diseases.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the extent of icings formation along the proposed gas pipeline route within the Republic of Buryatia, including the identification of the areas of their formation, genesis, spatial and temporal dynamics, and potential negative impact on engineering structures. The study was conducted using remote sensing (RS) methods. Based on data from Landsat 4-5 and Landsat 8 satellites, normalized difference snow and ice index (NDSI) maps were created to illustrate the progression of the icings along the gas pipeline route between 1990 and 2022. The approach employed enabled the most reliable determination of the icing’s location areas, which would otherwise be unfeasible using images from a single year and challenging to ascertain in the field for the southern geocryological zone. It was determined that over 30 icings formations, encompassing a total area of 3.7 km², have been observed along the gas pipeline route during the cold season. The formation of the majority of these icings is linked to groundwater emerging at the surface due to cryogenic pressure during the seasonal freezing of rocks (groundwater icings). Over half of the icings are formed annually in the same locations, with seven of them situated along tectonic faults. This may indicate that they are fed by groundwater from deep underpermafrost water-bearing aquifer complexes, which is released through hydrogeogenic taliks. Upon designing gas pipelines, it is essential to consider the probability of icing formation along the route, not only in the northern areas but also in the southern geocryological zone. In this zone, both the construction of facilities and auxiliary structures and their subsequent operation may result in the activation of icings formation processes due to changes in permafrost and hydrogeological conditions.

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the river basin condition and water quality of the Inya River in the Kemerovo region over recent decades, specifically covering the periods from 1998 to 2003 and from 2017 to 2022. The study includes a comparative assessment of water quality changes, examining pollutant concentrations and the influence of various anthropogenic factors on the chemical composition of river water. Special attention is paid to identifying pollution sources, such as industrial discharges, agricultural and domestic wastewater, and atmospheric emissions that subsequently deposit onto the river basin surface. The article analyzes changes in the chemical composition of water and establishes correlations between water quality indicators and various characteristics, such as the disturbed land area. The findings show a notable improvement in water quality in recent years, attributed to integrated water purification measures and reduced anthropogenic load. However, unresolved issues remain, necessitating further improvement of treatment systems, enhanced monitoring of compliance with environmental standards, and the adoption of modern digital technologies for pollution monitoring.

Based on the analysis of literature sources, as well as official government Internet resources, the data were obtained about the volume of waste arriving at landfills in the Moscow region. In addition, the information presented in the studied sources reveals the average morphological composition, factors influencing its individual components, mechanisms of decomposition of organic matter and its impact on the environment. Using the data obtained during engineering surveys for the remediation of several landfills in the Moscow region, this article investigates the morphological composition of waste based on geographic location, age, closure date of landfills, and changes in component ratios with depth. The study reveals that up to 60% of landfill consists of organic fractions, their content being higher in landfills younger than 50 years and in the upper layers. Organic matter is replaced by solid particles within a 15-meter interval, with the highest processing of food waste having been noted at a depth of abount 5 meters. Other relatively inert fractions undergo crushing and gradually transform into screenings, constituting an average of 40–45%.

Under natural conditions, the stress-strain state of the geological environment is formed according to the Coulomb–Mohr law (for principal stresses). The lithospheric pressure (by analogy with atmospheric one) is created at each point of geological massif under the weight of overlying deposits. Stabilization of the ground state at each point of the geoenvironment is ensured by self-organization of the stress-strain state in accordance with the Mohr–Coulomb law, which links the pressure and ground strength at a given point. The stress-strain state of soils in samples was analyzed using laboratory compression tests (with determination of acting pressure and soil strength characteristics) and compared to that in natural conditions at a point of the massif. The conditions for reaching a limit state and the manifestation of destructive soil deformations at a point are considered.

Contamination of shallow aquifers and rocks in the vadose zone with oil and its refined products is one of the most common types of technogenic pollution of the geological environment. Specifics of infrastructure development of territories require the compact location of enterprises engaged in the storage and transportation of petroleum products belonging to different business entities. When carrying out engineering and environmental survey, it is important not only to outline the contamination plume in plan and by geological cross-section, but also to identify correctly the sources of oil products entering the subsurface. To solve this problem, an approach was proposed based on comparing data on the chemical composition of oil products samples from prospecting boreholes. It is proposed to normalize chemical analysis data using a common and clearly distinguishable peak for all chromatograms. The approach was tested on the oil-polluted site. Comparison of chromatograms allows identifying the affiliation of petroleum products to different sources of pollution even if they are of the same type and have close average molecular weights. The results of the studies made it possible to prove the multiplicity of pollution sources (at least 4). The main directions of pollution transformation are the loss of light hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds as a result of their evaporation, dissolution in groundwater and biodegradation.