Vol XXXIV, No 1-2 (2002)

Among the many forms of epilepsy, one of the most studied is epilepsy of the temporal lobe (temporal lobe epilepsy) associated with the pathology of the limbic system, and especially the hippocampus. Sections of the limbic system are the source of epileptic seizures in this form of the disease, which is confirmed by electroencephalographic data, including those obtained using embedded electrodes [81], and the clinical effectiveness of surgery. Removal of certain parts of the medial temporal cortex, including part of the hippocampus, can heal or reduce the frequency and severity of seizures [92]. On the basis of structural changes, two main types of epilepsy of the temporal lobe are distinguished: 1) with the presence of a volumetric process (tumor, congenital pathology, blood vessel aneurysm, hemorrhage) affecting the limbic system; 2) without the presence of clearly verified volumetric changes in the medial temporal lobe [23]. In the latter case, the only structural manifestation of temporal lobe epilepsy is hippocampal sclerosis. The name reflects the most striking morphological manifestations of the disease - the loss of neurons primarily in the CA1 and CA3 zones of the horn of the ammonia and the development of replacement gliosis. Intravital brain imaging using functional positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and magneto-encephalography confirms changes in the hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy, usually in the form of a decrease in its volume [60]. There is also a positive correlation between intravital structural and biochemical (in particular, the number of AMPA-A receptors and the intensity of absorption of F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose) changes in the sclerosed hippocampus and data from the study of surgical material [75].

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects young people and quickly leads to disability. Until now, the pathogenesis of this neurological disease, which is the most expensive for society, has not been fully elucidated, and the drugs used to treat MS patients can only slightly suspend but not interrupt the development of the disease. At the same time, the possibilities of diagnosing and treating MS have expanded due to the active study and implementation of neuroimaging, neuroimmunological and neurophysiological methods, and the use of new immunocorrecting genetically engineered drugs.

To study the clinical course, outcomes and expert assessment, the case histories of 1028 patients were analyzed: women - 529 (51.24%), men - 499 (48.5%) with cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), treated in the neurological department of the municipal hospital in Moscow. Yoshkar-Ola for 1999-2000 The age of the patients varied from 20 to 70 years and more (average age - 61.5 years). The overwhelming majority (74.8%) were aged 40 to 69 years, among them 38.5% of patients were from 60 to 69 years old.

The first mention of the relationship of voice disorders with the mental state of a person was made back in 1890 by F.E. Ingals, who viewed aphonia as a form of hysteria. R. Jane in 1920. in his work "The main symptoms of hysteria" he considered "sudden paralysis or loss of voice" as one of the "salutary ways out of the situation", when patients can show "a perverse attitude towards reality through the demonstration of their incapacity." D.K. Wilson (1990) notes the influence of a person's mental state on such parameters of a voice as loudness, pitch, pitch variation and voice quality. Curtis (1967) considered one of the causes of voice disorders in children to be poor adaptability to the environment and poor relationships between parents and children, lack of mutual understanding in interpersonal contacts. According to Andrews (1988), when testing patients with vocal disorders, a significant increase in the so-called cases of "conflict in expressing one's feelings through speech" was found.

Cerebrovascular diseases, different in etiology and pathogenesis, are manifested by similar clinical symptoms of cerebral ischemia, in which there is an organic lesion of neurons in the epicenter of the focus with the formation of reversibly damaged neurons along the periphery of the zone, experiencing deep inhibition.

Seven patients with Konovalov—Wilson’s disease are presented and also materials concerning clinical and MRT analysis of the disease different variants are given. Multiple neurologic manifestations correlate with characteristic MRT picture — hypointensive in T1-images and hyperintensive in T2-images and there are foci in basal ganglia, thalamus and dentate nucleus in the form of «giant panda mouth», ventricle dilatation, diffuse, cerebral and cerebella atrophy. In akineticorigid syndrome absence of changes or slight ventricle dilatation are characteristic, in dystonia — bilateral hull damage; in intention tremor and dysmetria — atrophic or focal cerebellar changes.

It had been performed a correlation of clinical and MRI characteristics of hypertonic angioencellopathy of cronical forms in men and women. It was done for the purpose of investigating sexual factor significance in cerebrovascular pathology. 50 men and 35 women who had clinical manifestations of discirculatory encephalopathy have been examined. It was revealed that in men paresis development is manly determined by total volume of brain substance lesion and by presence of large cortical-subcortical infactions, striocapsular infarctions and edge-zone infarctions; in women — cognitive disorders are determined by total volume of brain substance. Diffuse forms are spread in men with accompanying ischemic heart disease, in women — with prolonged arterial hypertension and with high level of arterial pressure. Ischemic heart disease in women is a result of the disease focal form.

It is supposed that by the way of brain hypoxic stimulations a determinant can be created alternative to that of epileptic focus. An optimum length of hypoxic stimulations course was found, when alternative determinant has already been formed but has not yet turned into a pathological one. It was revealed that during hypoxic adaptation increase of main rhythm spectral capacity of EEG can be observed, and maximum effect is being achieved to the 20^th session of adaptation process. After 25 sessions of trainings their capacities become somewhat lower. And this evidences some depression of bioelectric activity. So, the optimum hypoxia adaptation terms for epileptic patients should not exceed 20 sessions.

There were studied clinical and neuropsyhologic specific learning disorders of secondary school children from the 1st to the 5th forms with the aim of finding out the main prognostically unfavourable factors of disgraphia and dislexia development. The specific learning disorders are stable. Regress of symptoms up to the 5th form took place only in 4 children. 50% of schoolchildren got secondary neurotic complaints. The prognostically unfavourable learning disorders are the following symptoms: phenomen of reflecting writing (observed in 1-2 forms of school), disorders of space impression, of aural perception (including phonematic hearing). Most patients had a combination of residually — organic lesions of brain, family hystory with dysgraphia and unfavourable social factors.

The results of clinico-psychopathological study of 80 mental patients are given. The above mentioned patients made offence on the ground of jealosy. The correlation was established between psychopathological peculiarities of the disease clinical symptoms and severity and direction of aggression. Some specific facts in relation to adultery, peculiarities of decision-making for doing offence were described; and they depended on the main psychopathological syndrome and its nosology. It was found that the most significant parameter is the structure of psychopathological syndrome, but not its nosologic belonging.

The direct relationship of the onset of pain with the intake of certain foods is still a subject of debate. According to numerous studies, the cause of migraine attacks can be the use of alcohol, coffee, chocolate, cheese, citrus fruits and some other types of food. Recently, there has been evidence of headache attacks from food (nutritional supplements) intake.

In the present study, patients with typical carpal tunnel syndrome were additionally found to have atypical clinical symptoms, the possible causes of which (except for the compression of the median nerve that caused the tunnel syndrome) were absent, which was confirmed by clinical and instrumental examinations.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the second most common genetic disorder in humans. The type of inheritance is recessive, linked to the X chromosome, the population frequency is one in 3300 newborn boys.