Ethyl alcohol: Influence on the dynamics of blood supply of skin and other soft tissues during their sudden cooling

Cover Page


Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

In the norm (i.e., the absence of ethyl alcohol in blood in sober people), sudden local cooling of the skin and soft tissues of different parts of the body from +37°С to +18°С and below (but not below 0°С) causes two-phase changes in blood vessels tone, blood filling, and intensity of blood supply and pain in the cooled tissues. In the first seconds of cooling, the tone of the muscular blood vessels begins to increase and their blood filling decreases, the skin color lightens, and in the cooled area of the body, acute soreness develops. After a few tens of seconds of cooling, spasm in the blood vessels reaches maximum level and their filling with blood decreases to a minimum, the skin turns white, and the soreness becomes severe. These changes persist at their peak for a few minutes, after which they begin to disappear, despite the persisting hypothermia. However, after 10–15 minutes of cooling, hyperemia develops in the hypothermia zone; as a result, the soreness disappears and the skin reddens. Notably, in the norm, sudden cooling of tissues causes irritation of the temperature receptors found in them. The resulting excitation of temperature receptors causes reflex spasm of blood vessels, which has an adaptive value, as it developed for temperature homeostasis of warm-blooded organisms. Acute pain accompanying cold spasm of blood vessels has been found to be due to mechanical squeezing of pain receptors located under the muscular layer in the wall of blood vessels. Conversely, the presence of ethyl alcohol in the blood or, in severe cases, alcohol intoxication changes the dynamics of blood supply in tissues at their sudden cooling: during cooling, blood vessels expand and overflow with blood without the initial phase of spasm and occurrence of pain. Moreover, hyperemia persists throughout and after the cooling period. That is, alcohol intoxication is manifested by the immediate development of hyperemia and skin redness in the cooled area of the body without the initial spasm of blood vessels and appearance of soreness and pallor of the skin in the area of cooling.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

A. L. Urakov

Izhevsk State Medical Academy

Author for correspondence.
Email: urakoval@live.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9829-9463
SPIN-code: 1613-9660

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine, Pharmacology), Professor

Russian Federation, 281 Kommunarov st., Izhevsk, Russia

References

  1. Urakov AL. A prescription for fever. Science and Life. 1989;(9):38–42. EDN: YUDVMG (In Russ.)
  2. Minson CT. Thermal provocation to evaluate microvascular reactivity in human skin. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(4):1239–1246. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00414.2010
  3. Brunt VE, Minson CT. Cutaneous thermal hyperemia: more than skin deep. J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(1):5–7. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00544.2011
  4. Belaventseva AV, Podolyan NP, Volynsky MA, et al. Study of blood vessels reaction to local heating by imaging photoplethysmography. Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics. 2023;23(1):14–20. EDN: LJPLIG doi: 10.17586/2226-1494-2023-23-1-14-20
  5. Urakov AL, Urakova NA. Thermography of the skin as a method of increasing local injection safety. Thermology International. 2013;23(2):70–72.
  6. Urakov A, Urakova N, Kasatkin A, et al. Dynamics of local temperature in the fingertips after the cuff occlusion test: Infrared diagnosis of adaptation reserves to hypoxia and assessment of survivability of victims at massive blood loss. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2022;23(5):174. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2305174
  7. Cuddy MLS. The effects of drugs on thermoregulation. AACN Clin Issues. 2004;15(2):238–253. doi: 10.1097/00044067-200404000-00010
  8. Coolbaugh CL, Bush EC, Galenti ES, et al. An individualized, perception-based protocol to investigate human physiological responses to cooling. Front Physiol. 2018;9:195. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00195
  9. Kortelainen M-L. Drugs and alcohol in hypothermia and hyperthermia related deaths: a retrospective study. J Forensic Sci. 1987;32(6):1704–1712. doi: 10.1520/JFS11228J
  10. Ivonina EV, Soykher EM, Kopylov MV. Temperature as a factor of interaction in the form of local action of drugs. Modern Problems of Science and Education. 2015;(2-1)133. EDN: UHWYPV
  11. Urakov AL, Kasatkin AA, Urakova NA, Urakova TV. Cold sodium chloride solution 0.9% and infrared thermography can be an alternative to radiopaque contrast agents in phlebography. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2016;7(3):138–139. doi: 10.4103/0976-500X.189675
  12. Urakov AL, Urakova NA, Reshetnikov AP, et al. Dynamics of the local temperature of skin, inner surface of cheeks and buccal gingiva after the application of an standard instant ice pack to patient’s face. Thermology international. 2018;28(2):99–100.
  13. Jung A, Wiesek B, Ring EFJ, et al. Standardisation of the technique of thermal imaging in medicine: issues for the creation of a reference atlas of normal thermograms. Thermology International. 2004;14(2):77–81.
  14. Urakov AL, Ammer K, Urakova NA, et al. Infrared thermography can discriminate the cause of skin discolourations. Thermology International. 2015;25(4):209–215. doi: 10.21611/qirt.2016.140
  15. Urakov A, Urakova N. Finger temperature when shooting from a rifle in the cold: thermal recommendations. Sport Sci. 2020;13(1):135–143.
  16. Urakov AL. Temperature prescription. Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 1988. 80 p. (In Russ.)
  17. Urakov A, Urakova N, Fisher E, et al. Antiseptic pyolytics and warming wet compresses improve the prospect of healing chronic wounds. Explor Med. 2023;4:747–754. doi: 10.37349/emed.2023.00175
  18. Gurevich K, Urakov A, Fisher E, Shubina Z. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution is an expectorant, pyolytic, mucolytic, hemolytic, and bleaching drug for treating purulent diseases, hematomas and bruising. J Pharm Res Int. 2022;34(30B):13–20. doi: 10.9734/jpri/2022/v34i30B36073
  19. Fisher EL, Urakov AL, Samorodov AV, et al. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide solutions: expectorant, pyolytic, mucolytic, haemolytic, oxygen-releasing, and decolorizing effects. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2023;21(2):135–150. EDN: UDPAZJ doi: 10.17816/RCF492316
  20. Sosin DV, Yevseyev AV, Parfenov EA, et al. Hypothermic effect of antihypoxants πQ1983 and πQ2170. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2012;10(4):78–82. EDN: QZKXWD doi: 10.17816/RCF10478-82
  21. Esclamado RM, Damiano GA, Cummings CW. Effect of local hypothermia on early wound repair. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990;116(7):803–808. doi: 10.1001/archotol.1990.01870070051009
  22. Derwin R, Patton D, Avsar P, et al. The impact of topical agents and dressing on pH and temperature on wound healing: A systematic, narrative review. Int Wound J. 2022;19(6):1397–1408. doi: 10.1111/iwj.13733
  23. Urakov AL. Infrared monitoring of the dynamics of the local temperature as a symptom of adaptation to hypoxia and efficiency of antihypoxic drugs. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2019;17(1):79–86. EDN: UIYGJA doi: 10.17816/RCF17179-86
  24. Urakov AL. Cold in protection of the heart. Advances in modern natural science. 2013;(11):32–36. EDN: RCHMBP
  25. Omairi AM, Pandey S. Targeted temperature management. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2023.
  26. Urakov A, Urakova N, Kasatkin A, Dementyev V. Temperature and blood rheology in fingertips as signs of adaptation to acute hypoxia. JOP Conf Series. 2017;790:012034. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/790/1/012034
  27. Urakov AL, Kasatkin AA, Ammer K, Gurevich KG. The dynamics of fingertip temperature during voluntary breath holding and its relationship to transcutaneous oximetry. Thermology international. 2019;29(2):65–66.
  28. Urakov AL, Urakova TV, Kasatkin AA. Infrared thermography to assess the blood donors adaptation to blood loss. Thermology international. 2016;26(2):S13.
  29. Urakova NA, Urakov AL. Thermal imaging for increasing the diagnostic accuracy in fetal hypoxia: Concept and practice suggestions. In: Ng EYK, Etehadtavakol M, editors. Application of infrared to biomedical sciences, series in bioengineering. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, 2017. P. 277–289. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-3147-2_16
  30. Urakov AL, Kasatkin AA, Urakova NA. Сhanges the local temperature of venous blood and venous vessel walls as the basis for visualization of superficial veins in the infrared venography, using temperature-induced tissue contrast. In: Ng EYK, Etehadtavakol M, editors. Application of infrared to biomedical sciences, series in bioengineering. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, 2017. P. 429–436. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-3147-2_24
  31. Urakov AL, Kasatkin AA, Urakova NA, Ammer K. Infrared thermographic investigation of fingers and palms during and after application of cuff оcclusion test in patients with hemorrhagic shock. Thermology International. 2014;24(1):5–10.
  32. Urakov A, Urakova N. Thermal imaging improves the accuracy of estimation of human resistance to sudden hypoxia. In: Tavares JMRS, Natal Jorge RM, editors. Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics. VipIMAGE 2017. Proceedings of the VI ECCOMAS thematic conference on computational vision and medical image processing. Porto, Portugal, Oct 18–20, 2017. Vol. 27. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Springer International Publishing AG 2018. 2018. P. 957–961. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-68195-5_104
  33. Kasatkin AA, Urakov AL. Correlation between arterial blood gases indices and the temperature of fingers after cuff occlusion test in patients with acute blood loss. Thermology international. 2018;28(2):123.
  34. Urakov AL, Dement’ev VB, Gadelshina AA. Dynamics of local temperature in the index fingertip after contact with the rifle trigger in frosty weather. Thermology International. 2018;8(S):S17–S18.
  35. Urakov AL, Alies MYu, Nikolenko VN, Gadelshina AA. Dinamics of local temperature in the hands of healthy adult volunteers under the influence of frosty air contacting a cold metal object. Thermology International. 2019;29(2):73–74.
  36. Urakova N, Urakov A, Shabanov P, Sokolova V. Aerobic brain metabolism, body temperature, oxygen, fetal oxygen supply and fetal movement dynamics as factors in stillbirth and neonatal encephalopathy. Invention review. Azerbaijan Pharmaceutical and Pharmacotherapy Journal. 2023;22(2):105–112. doi: 10.61336/appj/22-2-24
  37. Negovsky VA, Umanets NN. Tale of defeated death. Moscow: Politizdat, 1965. 144 p. (In Russ.)
  38. Douglas Ch. Vladimar Negovsky: The father of reanimatology. General Reanimatology. 2005;1(2):57–69. EDN: ICKICJ doi: 10.15360/1813-9779-2005-2-57-69
  39. Bockeria L, Podzolkov V, Glyantsev S, Kokshenev I. E.N. Meshalkin (1916–1997) and his priority in the creation of the world’s first successful cavo-pulmonary anastomosis in clinic. Circulation pathology and cardiac surgery. 2017;21(3S):80–90. EDN: ZHRS doi: 10.21688/1681-3472-2017-3S-80-90
  40. The Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:549–556. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa012689
  41. Curfman GD. Hypothermia to protect the brain. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:546. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200202213460802
  42. Safar PJ, Kochanek PM. Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:612–613. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200202213460811
  43. Guseynov NA, Ivashkevich SG, Boyko EM. Physiological features of cells and microvasculature under the local hypothermia influence. RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2022;26(1):34–41. EDN: TYPSJC doi: 10.22363/2313-0245-2022-26-1-34-41
  44. Urakov AL, Ushnurtsev SA, Zamostyanova GB. On the effect of hypothermia and antianginal drugs with malonate-like action on glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation of myocardium. Pharmacology and toxicology. 1983;46(1):51–54. EDN: YUGTOW
  45. Urakov AL. Thermal pharmacology: history and definition. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2021;19(1):87–96. EDN: YIGBEQ doi: 10.17816/RCF19187-96
  46. Urakov AL, Urakova NA, Kasatkin AA. Local body temperature as a factor of thrombosis. Thrombosis Res. 2013;131(S1):S79. doi: 10.1016/S0049-3848(13)70055-0
  47. Urakov AL. Pathways of pharmacological regulation of ischaemic myocardial metabolism and vascular tone [dissertation abstract]. Kazan, 1992. (In Russ.)
  48. Urakov AL. Fundamentals of clinical pharmacology. Izhevsk: Izhevsk Polygraph Combine, 1997. 164 p. (In Russ.)
  49. Urakov AL, Strelkov NS, Lipanov AM, et al. Newton’s Binomial as a “formula” for the development of medical pharmacology. Izhevsk: Publishing house of IPM Ural Branch of RAS, 2007. (In Russ.)
  50. Маlchikov АJ, Urakov AL, Каsаtkin АА, et al. Teplovision visualisation medicinal facilities and infiltrovannych by them fabrios at injections. RUDN journal of medicine. 2009;(4):134–136. EDN: KXXSLJ
  51. Urakov AL, Urakova NA, Urakova TV, et al. Multicolored images of hands on the screen as an indicator of efficiency thermal resuscitation at clinical death. Journal of Ural medical academic science. 2010;(1):57–59. EDN: LLPJPD
  52. Urakov AL, Urakova NA, Urakova TV, et al. Effect of short-term hypoxia and ischemia for temperature hands and colors of their images on screen thermal. Medical almanac. 2010;(2):299–301. EDN: MBFRMR
  53. Urakov AL, Urakova NA, Stolyarenko AP. The “desired” temperature value in the selected area of the body is the main condition for the effectiveness of drugs. J Bio Innov. 2020;9(4):499–504. doi: 10.46344/JBINO.2020.v09i04.09
  54. Urakov AL. The change of physical-chemical factors of the local interaction with the human body as the basis for the creation of materials with new properties. Epitőanyag – Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials. 2015;67(1):2–6. doi: 10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2015.1.263
  55. Urakov AL, Urakova NA. Time, temperature and life. Adv Biores. 2021;12(2):246–252. doi: 10.15515/abr.0976-4585.12.2.246252
  56. Urarov AL, Gruzda АM. After cooling dynamics of the infrared image and temperature of palms and fingers of mans in norm and under alcohol intoxication. International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research. 2014;(12-1):112–114. EDN: TAGZWR
  57. Urakov A, Nasyrov M, Chernova L. How fingers became warm after cooling. Thermology International. 2015;25(3):123.
  58. Urakova NA, Kasatkin AA. Influence of anaesthetics on the dynamics of the temperature of fingers after cooling. International research journal. 2015;(1-4):25–27. EDN: TILJPH
  59. Urarov AL, Odiyankov EG, Muravyev MF, et al. Influence of temperature of the ischaemic limb on the course and prognosis of ischaemic lesions. Blood circulation. 1988;(2):43–45. (In Russ.)
  60. Urarov AL, Odiyankov EG, Odiyankov YuG, et al. Local hypothermia in the treatment of acute limb arterial obstruction. Grekov’s bulletin of surgery. 1988;141(7):62–65. EDN: YUERYO
  61. Muravyev MF, Odiyankov EG, Urarov AL, et al. Pharmaco-cold therapy in severe chronic lower limb ischaemia. Grekov’s bulletin of surgery. 1989;140(3):25–29.
  62. Odiyankov YuG. Application of regional hypothermia in complex treatment of chronic arterial insufficiency of lower limbs [dissertation abstract]. Kuibyshev, 1988. (In Russ.)
  63. Odiyankov EG. Complex hypothermic protection in surgery of acute severe lower limb ischaemia [dissertation abstract]. Kuibyshev; 1990. (In Russ.)
  64. Urarov AL, Nabokov VA. Method of stopping parenchymatous haemorrhage. Grekov’s bulletin of surgery. 1988;140(5):113–114. EDN: YUGNZD
  65. Urakov AL. A technique for absolute haemostasis. Creative surgery and oncology. 2020;10(4):270–274. EDN: JEEBCR doi: 10.24060/2076-3093-2020-10-4-270-274
  66. Castro-Balado A, Mondelo-García C, Barbosa-Pereira L, et al. Development and characterization of inhaled ethanol as a novel pharmacological strategy currently evaluated in a phase II clinical trial for early-stage SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(3):342. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030342
  67. Gould L, Collica C, Zahir M, Gomprecht RF. Ethyl alcohol. Effects on coronary blood flow in man. Br Heart J. 1972;34(8):815–820. doi: 10.1136/hrt.34.8.815
  68. Friedman HS. Acute effects of ethanol on myocardial blood flow in the nonischemic and ischemic heart. Am J Cardiol. 1981;47(1):61–67. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(81)90290-3
  69. Sarma JSM, Venkataraman K, Samant DR, Gadgil U. Effect of ethanol on regional myocardial blood flow and hemodynamics, before and after coronary artery ligation in dogs. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1987;11(4):326–331. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1987.tb01319.x
  70. Battey LL, Heyman A, Patterson JL Jr. Effects of ethyl alcohol on cerebral blood flow and metabolism. J Am Med Assoc. 1953;152(1):6–10. doi: 10.1001/jama.1953.03690010012002
  71. Altura BM, Altura BT. Microvascular and vascular smooth muscle actions of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate. Fed Proc. 1982;41(8):2447–2451.
  72. Alleyne J, Dopico AM. Alcohol use disorders and their harmful effects on the contractility of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Adv Drug Alcohol Res. 2021;1:10011. doi: 10.3389/ADAR.2021.10011
  73. Mendoza LC, Hellberg K, Rickart A, et al. The effect of intravenous ethyl alcohol on the coronary circulation and myocardial contractility of the human and canine heart. J Clin Pharmacol New Drugs. 1971;11(3):165–176. doi: 10.1177/009127007101100302
  74. Itoya M, Morrison JD, Downey HF. Effect of ethanol on myocardial infarct size in a canine model of coronary artery occlusion-reperfusion. In: Cohen MV, Gelpi RJ, Downey JM, Slezak J, editors. Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. molecular and cellular biochemistry. Vol. 28. Boston, MA: Springer, 1998. P. 35–41. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4979-6_5
  75. Woodrow KM, Eltherington LG. Feeling no pain: alcohol as an analgesic. Pain. 1988;32(2):159–163. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(88)90064-4
  76. James MF, Duthie AM, Duffy BL, et al. Analgesic effect of ethyl alcohol. Br J Anaesth. 1978;50(2):139–141. doi: 10.1093/bja/50.2.139
  77. Dreismickenbecker E, Zinn S, Romero-Richter M, et al. Electroencephalography-based effects of acute alcohol intake on the pain matrix. Brain Sci. 2023;13(12):1659. doi: 10.3390/brainsci13121659
  78. Urakov AL, Ammer K, Dementiev VB, et al. The contribution of Infrared Imaging to designing a “winter rifle” – An observation study. Thermology international. 2019;29(1):40–46.
  79. Urakov A, Stolyarenko AP. Temperature dynamics of the musician’s fingers when playing the saxophone under cold condition. Thermology International. 2021;31(3):129–131.
  80. Urakov AL, Ammer K, Stolyarenko AP. Effect of insulating material in saxophone keys on the dynamics of fingertip skin temperature of musicians in cold weather. Thermology International. 2022;32(2):27–35.
  81. Luchakov YI, Shabanov PD. Why does a warm-blooded organism rapidly regulates body temperature in the thermoneutral zone. Psychopharmacology and biological narcology. 2023;14(3):209–215. EDN: FBRYFI doi: 10.17816/phbn567971

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2024 Eco-Vector

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: ПИ № ФС 77 - 84654 от 01.02.2023 г. 

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies