Nº 5 (2017)

Relevance Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common urologic diseases of males. In patients who failed drug therapy of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by BPH, the most important indication for surgery is the presence of infravesical obstruction (IVO). IVO is detected by pressure-flow studies and is characterized by high detrusor pressure with decreased urinary flow rate. The invasiveness and high cost of this investigation has stimulated a search for non-invasive techniques that could reliably characterize the presence of IVO secondary to BPH. Aim To determine the value of ultrasound indicators of the prostate, urinary bladder and uroflowmetry parameters in the diagnosis of IVO in men with BPH. Materials and methods Seventy-six men with moderate and severe LUTS secondary to BPH underwent a comprehensive urological examination, including a clinical history, digital rectal examination, International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), various ultrasound indicators of the prostate and urinary bladder, uroflowmetry and a pressure/flow study. Results Infravesical obstruction (IVO) was detected in 73.1% of men with BPH. IVO was found to have the strongest correlation with ultrasound signs of the intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP, r = 0,667, p <0,05) compared with the prostate volume, prostate transition zone volume, prostate transition zone index, prostatic urethral angle, urethral length of the transition zone, estimated prostate circumference, prostate peripheral zone thickness, residual urine volume, weight of urinary bladder, the thickness of the detrusor, maximum and average urine flow rates and I-PSS score. The incidence of IVO increased in parallel with the increase of IPP. We established a cut-off value for IPP of 10 mm for the diagnosis of IVO with a sensitivity of 68.2%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 53.3%. Conclusion The ultrasound findings of IPP measuring more than 10 mm strongly correlates with the IVO in men with LUTS and BPH as compared with other ultrasound parameters of the prostate, urinary bladder and urinary flow rates. The IPP is anatomical parameter that do not require urination, and is easily detected by both transabdominal and transrectal ultrasound. However, at the PPI values less than 10 mm, the main method for detecting IVO remains the pressure/ flow study.

Aim. To evaluate the functional state of the renal parenchyma after partial nephrectomy, depending on surgical technique. Materials and methods. The study comprised 21 patients with kidney neoplasms of stage T1-2N0M0. The patients underwent either laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with superselective balloon embolization of the renal artery (study group, n=11), or partial nephrectomy with vascular clamping (control group, n=10). The mean age of the patients in the study group (3 men and 8 women) was 56.8 years. The tumor was located in the right kidney in 5 patients and in the left kidney in 6 patients. The size of the neoplasm ranged from 0.9 to 3.8 cm, averaging 1.9 cm. The complexity of the surgery was evaluated using R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry Scoring System based on MSCT findings. The mean nephrometry score was 5.1, which corresponds to low complexity of the intervention. Patients of the control group underwent partial nephrectomy with vascular clamping and renal ischemia time of no more than 20 minutes. The mean age of the control group patients was 57.3 years. The tumor was located in the right kidney in 4 patients and in the left kidney in 6 patients. The tumor size ranged from 1 to 4.1 cm, averaging 2.2 cm. The mean nephrometry score based on MSCT findings was 6.1. In both groups, the difference in creatinine clearance between the operated and intact kidney was estimated before the operation and in the early postoperative period to assess the changes in glomerular filtration. Results and discussion. The level of serum creatinine remained within the normal range throughout the study period in both groups. In the postoperative period, the creatinine clearance of the operated kidneys showed 1.02-fold decrease after super selective embolization and 1.92-fold decrease after vascular clamping. The 1-minute diuresis of the operated kidney decreased by 83.21% and 43.53% after vascular clamping and embolization, respectively. Conclusion. The study’s findings show there was no significant dysfunction of operated kidneys after superselective balloon embolization of the renal artery.

Aim. To analyze the results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LAE) in patients with adrenal gland tumors. Materials and methods. From 2011 to 2016, 24 patients (15 men, 9 women), mean age 49.6 ± 8.2 years, underwent LAE. The right, left and bilateral LAE was performed in 12, 10 and 2 patients, respectively. Indications for surgery were mainly primary and metastatic adrenal tumors. The operations were performed using a transperitoneal 4-port approach. Results. Twenty six LAE were successfully performed in 24 patients. There were no conversions. Blood transfusion was used only in 1 patient, who had a history of the laparoscopic left nephrectomy for the renal cell carcinoma 2 years earlier. She had bleeding due to a spleen injury during the left LAE. She also developed acute postoperative pancreatitis, resolved by conservative therapy. The mean intra- and postoperative blood loss was 160 (120-750) ml, the operative time was 135 (100-205) min, and the length of hospital stay was 4 (3-5) days. Histological examination revealed adenocarcinoma and adenoma in 20 (73.1%) and 6 (26.9%) removed adrenal glands, respectively. Conclusion. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is an effective and safe surgical modality to treat patients with adrenal tumors.

Aim. To investigate the effectiveness and safety of six-month treatment course of Omnic and Omnic Ocas in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a routine urology practice in Kazakhstan. Design. This was a multicenter prospective observational program involving the collection of data from patients with LUTS caused by BPH, who received Omnic Ocas or Omnic as the first line treatment. Materials and methods. The program comprised 1513 patients with a verified diagnosis of LUTS/BPH, who received Omnic Ocas or Omnic (tamsulosin) administered by urologists at hospitals in the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to the program protocol, 1381 patients completed the study. The mean age of the patients was 63 years. The study program involved three follow-up visits: Visit 1 (baseline), during which the patient completed the IPSS questionnaire concerning urinary symptoms and quality oflife. After that they underwent a baseline examination including maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) measured by uroflowmetry, prostate volume determined by digital rectal examination and the serum PSA level. Visit 2 and Visits 3 were scheduled on average at three and six months after Visit 1, respectively, and aimed at assessing the treatment outcomes during the follow-up. Results. During the 6-month treatment, patients of different age groups reported an improvement in the prostate symptom score (IPSS). The drug therapy was more effective in patients with a flow rate of <10 ml/s. There was a gradual decrease in the mean scores of both the storage and voiding I-PSS subscales. Uroflowmetry at six months showed a clinically significant increase in the urinary flow rate. Adverse events were reported by1.9% of patients.

Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of the biologically active dietary supplement Uroprofit in the comprehensive management of exacerbations of chronic recurrent cystitis in women. Materials and methods. We examined 40 women with chronic cystitis aged 20-68 years. All patients were allocated to receive either monotherapy with fosfomycin (Monural) (control group, n=20) or combination therapy with fosfomycin and biologically active dietary supplement Uroprofit (study group, n=20). The results were evaluated at 1 and 2 months after treatment initiation. All patients before and after treatment underwent diagnostic work-up including standard laboratory tests, uroflowmetry, cystometry, cystoscopy, and laser Doppler flowmetry to assess microcirculation. Results. The patients of the study group showed faster improvement in clinical manifestations of the disease, laboratory indicators, the dynamics of the endoscopic pattern and had positive changes in the bladder mucosa microcirculation. Discussion. Uroprofit produces an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect, helps normalize urodynamics of the lower urinary tract, improves microcirculation in the bladder wall and reduces the risk of repeated relapses of chronic cystitis. Conclusion. Uroprofit could be recommended as a component of the comprehensive management of exacerbations of chronic recurrent cystitis in women and as the means of preventing relapses in disease-free periods.

Aesthetically acceptable cosmetic results of surgical correction of external genital organ defects are important for treatment evaluation along with well-known criteria of good functional outcomes. The purpose of this study was to improve the results of treating children with hypospadias by improving the assessment of results and introducing multi-step correction modalities. Materials and methods. From 2013 to 2015, 476 patients with various forms of hypospadias were treated at the Department of Uroandrology of RCCH. The patients’ age ranged from 1 year to 17 years (mean age 3 years). All patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the form of hypospadias and type of treatment. They included patients with distal forms of hypospadias (group1, n=270), proximal forms (group 2, n=112) and patients with stem and penoscrotal hypospadias who underwent 3-6 operations before admission (group 3, n=94). Results. The study evaluated both functional and cosmetic results. Cosmetic appearance was assessed using the HOPE scoring system [2]. Despite the difference in surgical methods used for all types of hypospadias, good cosmetic results have been achieved in the majority of patients (65%). Functional outcomes differed depending on the form of hypospadias. In primary patients with distal and proximal forms of hypospadias, good results were achieved in 96% and 77% of patients, respectively. At the same time, 72% of patients who underwent repeat interventions had good results, which is comparable to the group of primary patients with proximal forms. Conclusion. The results of treating patients after repeat/failed surgery confirm the high effectiveness of our surgical methods (the Bracka two-stage graft repair, buccal mucosa hypospadias repair, reconstruction with scrotal skin flaps, correction of scrotal transposition). Using the HOPE scoring system to assess cosmetic results helps motivate surgeons to achieve the best treatment results.

Aim. To optimize the transurethral endoscopic management of patients with ureterolithiasis by measuring biomarkers of renal parenchymal damage. Materials and methods. One hundred fifty-one patients with solitary ureteral stones were tested for levels of cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, β2-microglobulin and interleukin 18. Results. An increase in the levels of markers of renal injury was observed both in the preoperative period and after CULT. Differences in the values of these indices depended on the timing of the CULT, the size and location of the stone and the type of lithotripter. Conclusions. All patients were found to have damage to the renal tubular system. The established critical values of the markers of renal injury in ureterolithiasis may be used as diagnostic criteria for renal injury.

The article describes a case of successful management of arterial priapism in a patient with a stab wound in the perianal area. Timely performed angiography revealed a pathological connection between a. Uretralis sinistra and spongy body. Disruption of the abnormal shunt resulted in immediate relief of erection with further preservation of erectile function. At the 3 and 6 months follow-up visits there were no signs of cavernous fibrosis or erectile dysfunction. The authors analyze the entire sequence of events in the management of the case, identify shortcomings, determine their significance and consider their prevention. The article is supplemented with a brief review of the literature on differential diagnosis of haemodynamic forms of priapism.

L-shaped kidney refers to a rare anomaly of the relative kidney positioning. Due to low prevalence, the literature on the co-occurrence of this anomaly with malignancy is lacking. And, if the diagnosis of a renal anomaly does not present difficulties, if a tumor is detected in such a kidney, even MSCT does not always help differentiate a pelvic tumor from a tumor of the renal parenchyma spreading to the pelvicalyceal system. This has important implications for choosing an appropriate surgical strategy. A feature of the presented clinical observation is the co-occurrence of the rare anomaly ofkidney position and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma spreading to the renal pelvis. Due to the massive spread of the tumor, an organ-sparing surgery was not feasible. Due to the suspicion of tumor spread to the renal pelvis, the patient underwent nephrureterectomy of the L-shaped kidney. Introduction to renoprival state with transfer to chronic hemodialysis became the only option to maintain homeostasis and extend the patient’s life. Histological examination revealed clear cell renal cell carcinoma with invasion of the pelvis and renal capsule, with no clear demarcation between the fused kidneys.

The aim of the study is to assess the evidence on the efficacy and safety of dapoxetine in premature ejaculation (PE). The analysis includes results of randomized placebo-controlled trials, integrative reviews and one meta-analysis on the clinical efficacy and safety of dapoxetine. All studies have shown higher efficacy of dapoxetine in patients with PE compared with placebo. Its administration at a dosage of 30 and 60 mg results in an increase in the coitus duration up to approximately 3 and 3.5 minutes, respectively. The safety profile of dapoxetine allows using it in clinical practice. Dapoxetine is a novel and effective PE drug on the Russian market.

Male infertility is associated with a wide range of pathological conditions affecting both the sexual and other body systems: endocrine, nervous, blood, and immune. Laser therapy is a form of modern physiotherapy that applies low-intensity laser radiation in various parts of the body. It is widely used in all areas of modern medicine due to its high efficiency, ease of use, the absence of contraindications and side effects. The authors reviewed the results of 171 studies investigating laser therapy, of which 93 were experimental (20 in Russian and 73 international publications), 4 clinical and experimental (all in Russian), 74 clinical (73 in Russian and 1in English). Along with domestic literature, publications in Russian from Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine were studied. The article analyzes the experimental studies, somehow related to the problem of infertility and its treatment using low-intensity lasers. The analysis findings suggest that there are all prerequisites to develop a laser therapy as an effective modality for treating infertile men.

The article analyzes the literature on the features of human calcium homeostasis. The authors describe the etiopathogenetic role of calcitropic hormones, the plasma and urine acid-base status, various ions, lifestyle and nutrition and other factors contributing to hypercalciuria due to increased intestinal absorption, bone resorption, impairment of tubular calcium reabsorption, etc. They discuss the role of calciuria as a factor in forming urinary calculi and present their own observations.

The aim of the work was to present current concept of the pathogenesis of urolithiasis. Treatment and prevention of this disease a challenging issue. The article presents basic information about Randall’s plaques that are described as calcium salt deposits on the surface of the transitional cell epithelium. The cause of Randall’s plaques was the subject of many studies and is still not completely clear. To date, we can state that the deposit formation starts in the pelvicalyceal system and is directly linked to recurrent urolithiasis. The discovery of Randall plaques in the 1940s transformed the conception of stone formation, but there are even more questions about the pathogenesis of urolithiasis. In that respect, we consider it important to analyze the studies on Randall’s plaques.