No 1 (2014)

The overview deals with the effect of vitamin D on the human body, as well as the problem of deficiency of vitamin D. The problem of vitamin D deficiency is by far one of the most pressing. According to numerous studies, vitamin D deficiency leads not only to a breach of mineral and bone metabolism, but also an increased risk of many pathological conditions: violation of insulin resistance, cardiometabolic diseases, common forms of cancer, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Since the modern conditions of life virtually impossible to maintain vitamin D status at a sufficient level with solar insolation and power, it is necessary to replenish vitamin D deficiency and maintain it at an optimum level by using vitamin D supplements with meals not only in infants but also in older children, adolescents and adults.

Acute upper airway obstruction is the most common cause of acute respiratory failure in children, especially young children. Acute stenosing laryngotracheitis (ASLT) is the leading cause of upper airway obstruction in children. ASLT most frequently occurs in children second and third year of life (more than 50 % of cases) as frequent and severe manifestation of acute respiratory viral infections. The article describes the modern concepts on the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and rational therapy of stenosing laryngotracheitis.

Prevalence of allergic diseases continues to grow, and bronchial asthma remains one of the most widespread allergic pathologies among younger and older children. Timely administration of background therapy helps to reduce the risk of seeking for emergency medical care associated with the worsening of the disease and the frequency of readmissions. For preschool children, nebulizer is the one of the best means for delivery of inhaled corticosteroids in exacerbation of the disease, and for the background treatment.

The article presents a review of clinical studies analyzing the effectiveness of cefixime, semisynthetic III generation cephalosporin for oral use. The data of meta-analysis of the efficacy of a 10-day course of various cephalosporins compared with penicillin for streptococcal throat infection in children are presented. The evidence base for the treatment effectiveness of cefixime in urinary tract infections in children is considered. The article summarizes the experience of Russian and foreign clinical research showing that cefixime is highly effective and safe antibacterial drug. The fact that cefixime is administered once a day is essential for pediatric practice, and has a positive effect on the treatment compliance.

The article presents the current recommendations for the management of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) in pediatric practice. The importance of non-medical treatment of CHF (stabilization of fluid balance, weight control, graduated exercise and etc.) is emphasized, and ignoring of this type of treatment makes it difficult to achieve the ultimate success and reduces the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. The basic principles of drug therapy of CHF aimed at improving of myocardial contractility, reducing the load on the heart muscle, correction of electrolyte balance and acid-base balance, prevention and treatment of thromboembolic syndrome, and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac conduction defect are discussed. It is emphasized that low adherence of practitioners to existing clinical guidelines negatively affects the quality and effectiveness of therapy for CHF in children; and clear and strict observance of guidelines allows to avoid the tactical mistakes in the management of patients with CHF and achieve better results.

Cough is a common symptom of disease of respiratory system and other systems. For proper diagnosis, features of cough and associated symptoms should be evaluated and necessary laboratory and instrumental investigations should be performed. There are plenty of drugs for the treatment of cough, and they should be assigned based on the etiology of the disease, the compatibility of drugs, as well as the child's age.

Over the past five years in Moscow the number of children with perinatal pathology is increase. Perinatal pathology plays a significant role in the development of diseases of the nervous system in children, causing the formation of 60 to 80 % of neurological disabilities in the pediatric population. In the absence of a unified concept of the indications and contraindications to the treatment of a neurological symptoms in children of the first month of life medication neonatal age children still serves as an occasion for discussion of various specialists. The article presents an overview of medicines derived neurotrophic actions approved for use by patients under 18 years. The authors note that the consolidation of efforts of various specialists, aimed at developing an interdisciplinary approach to the problem, help develop long-range planning activities to reduce child morbidity and neurological disability.

The paper considers the use of a magnesium-pyridoxine combination in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHA). It provides an update on ADHA and on the chemical, biological, and pharmacological properties of magnesium and pyridoxine. The opinions of Russian and foreign investigators as to the use of a magnesium-pyridoxine combination to treat patients with ADHA are given.