Том 15, № 1 (2025)

The article examines politics as the practice of solving extraordinary problems that cannot be solved at the level of political and administrative management. The purpose of the work is to reveal the content of “extraordinary politics”, showing the process of its implementation and the possibilities of description using philosophical and mathematical methods. This policy reflects the unpredictable changes in the modern world, so its model has scientific and practical significance. Research objectives: to identify the difference between extraordinary policy and administration; to demonstrate the features of the structure and dynamics of the situation change; to propose a scheme of actions of the subject to turn the situation into an event using intuition and reflection, loyalty to the cause. The process of extraordinary politics includes recording signs of an aggravation of the situation; an idea of the trajectory of the transformation of the situation into an event; a risky decision to intervene (on a bet) in it; a sequence of small events adequate to the subject’s plan and the changing situation; consolidation of a complicated situation as a new historical event. Extraordinary politics as an object is described by a model for the development of human-sized systems with a socio-humanitarian dominant and the construction of a special subject. The subject locally constructs small events based on incomplete knowledge, reflecting, intuitively building the next intervention, optimizing the course of acceptable actions by being faithful to his duty to the event.

The purpose of the research is to determine the problems of countering various forms and types of terrorist activities and methods of combating them. We are talking about the variety of forms and types of such a political and social phenomenon as terrorism. The historical aspect of the emergence and development of terrorism is widely represented. The historical analysis presents a retrospective of various forms of terrorism, establishes and identifies various types of threats and forms of counteraction that entail multiple types of terrorist activities. The evolution of terrorism poses an increasing threat to the individual, society and the State. In these circumstances, law enforcement officers face a particularly difficult task aimed at combating terrorism, which is in constant development. As a result, a profound analysis of the concept of “terrorism” in the context of its political and social essence was carried out; a historical analysis of the activities of a number of the largest terrorist groups was carried out on the subject of appearance and development of the most harmful methods of carrying out terrorist activities.

This article analyzes and compares the strategies and tactics of “soft power” employed by China and Russia in the field of education. The research is based on the study of official documents, scientific literature, and statistical reports. An analysis of data on the number of students participating in educational programs in Russia and China and their potential influence on public opinion and perception of the countries is provided. As a result of the research, common features of “soft power” in the educational sphere of China and Russia were identified, defining the mechanism of broadcasting the national interests of countries, alternative to the West, through the opening of educational institutions in other countries. Common tools of authorities as the main agent of “soft power” (state programs, scientific and student projects, grants, and funding) are described. Distinctive features highlight differences in cultural foundations and historical prerequisites for influence, as well as changes in the role of China and Russia in the global system of international relations at the present stage.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the mechanisms of organized recruitment as a potentially main way to target and return foreign labor to the Russian labor market. Throughout the entire period of the formation and implementation of the migration policy of modern Russia, with the exception of the first few years, external labor migration was one of the determining components of the migration structure. This is due to the complex of both domestic Russian crisis factors caused by a sharp decline in the birth rate in the 1990s, a general drop in the quality of life, which entailed not only an increase in mortality, but also a decrease in average life expectancy, global trends in the aging population of the states of the “global north” and the demographic boom of the states of the “global south”. In modern Russia, external labor migration is the main purpose of entry and the basis for the legal stay of foreign citizens. At the same time, the quantitative indicators of external labor migration at the level of TOP-5 recipient states in the world for the most part do not correlate with its qualitative indicators due to the low qualifications of foreign workers. what determines the existing imbalance in the real demand of the Russian labor market, expressed in the shortage of qualified and highly qualified workers in various fields of production and industry, other technological industries and the labor market of foreign labor, represented primarily by the sphere of trade and various services, as well as activities that do not require a high level of professional qualifications and skills. One of the ways to solve this problem is the implementation of a new model of external labor migration, organized on the principles of organized, targeted attraction of workers to a specific employer with their subsequent return to the state of origin after the expiration of the employment agreement and preliminary pre-immigration training.

In the presented article, the author examines the essential characteristics reflecting the patterns of public administration of the socio-political sphere. It denotes the subjects of management – government agencies and the object of management – people, their communities, public opinion and joint activities. The researcher argues that the effectiveness of the management impact does not always depend on the choice of management methods. The management goal that must be achieved is of paramount importance. There may be cases when the management goal coincides with the goals of the activities of people and their associations, and then it is much easier to obtain the necessary management result than in cases where they do not coincide. To illustrate this statement, the work provides examples reflecting the facts that the socio-political sphere can react differently to the management impact exerted on it. Specific events occurring in the international arena confirm the assertion that in the event of a mismatch of goals, the management result is quite difficult to predict. At the same time, the world historical events cited by the author as examples emphasize the arguments for the need for a high-quality study of the socio-political sphere in order to acquire the ability to predict the results of influence on it based on the identified patterns. At the same time, within the framework of the article, the author argues that the socio-political sphere is not only capable of perceiving the impact exerted on it, but also itself influences the policy of the state. Based on the analysis of such events as “reaction”, “pendulum”, “black swan” and “bifurcation point”, he formulated essential characteristics reflecting the patterns of change in the situation in the socio-political sphere.

In modern conditions, the task of comparative analysis and identification of correlation models of foreign policy strategies of modern states remains relevant. One of the ways to solve it is connected with the consideration of foreign policy strategies in coordinate systems of systemic qualities and conflict inherent in international relations. From the point of view of a systematic approach, the foreign policy strategies of modern states can be divided depending on the level of goal-setting (the scale of goals may involve the implementation of strategies at the level of the entire system of international relations, as well as its subsystems or individual actors), as well as based on the nature of their impact on the structure of international relations (they may be aimed at changing or preserving it). Based on the modern interpretation of the phenomena of international conflict and conflict, it seems possible to identify several models of correlation or interaction of foreign policy strategies of modern states. In particular, it is proposed to consider conflict, confrontational, neutral and cooperative models as such models. In the interests of a comparative analysis of foreign policy strategies, the use of such a characteristic of international conflicts as “asymmetry” may be justified. The asymmetric nature of foreign policy strategies can manifest itself in the asymmetry of goals, means of achieving them, as well as threats.

The article analyzes possible ways of accounting for copyrights and intellectual property of copyright holders of databases. The focus is on the formation and development of machine learning in the context of restrictive measures in the Russian Federation. Theoretical and practical approaches to the possible differentiation of goals and objectives for using information from databases and taking into account the interests of their copyright holders are analyzed. Proposals have been prepared to improve the legal regulation of intellectual property copyrights in the Russian Federation in the context of sanctions in order to stimulate the development of machine learning in order to gain additional competitive advantages for students in the national or international labor market.

The purpose of the research. The article presents three theses: 1) the share of private investors has significantly increased, making up 79% of the trading volume in 2023, which is 35% more than in 2019; 2) stock market volatility depends on such aspects as: firstly, private investors are more sensitive to the information background than investment funds and professional managers, they are more inclined to speculation, and on the other hand, the share of individuals who do not currently have investments in the Russian stock market, but are potentially ready to invest in any instruments, has not been sufficiently studied in terms of future behavior; 3) there is a need to build forecasts for the development of the stock market from the point of view of the behavior of current and potential investors. In order to analyze the behavior of potential investors, the research team of the Financial University conducted a mass questionnaire survey of Russians. The scientific novelty of the study is the expansion of the empirical framework of research on the topic of potential investment behavior of individuals with subsequent scientific conclusions. Results. The authors identified a number of characteristics of potential investors, presented through two groups: 1) those “planning” to invest in shares over a 3-year horizon – 26% of non-shareholders (66% of men, 34% of women); 2) those “indecisive”, who have an account with a Russian broker, but for one reason or another do not invest in shares (hereinafter referred to as “indecisive”) – 22% of non-shareholders (76% of men, 24% of women). The main factors limiting the entry of individuals into the investment world are knowledge of the financial sector, the competitiveness of bank deposits, and the high risk of investment activities. The most promising sector of the economy, according to potential investors, is industry.

The article highlights issues related to the need to form an ideologeme of the family, which should be embedded in family policy and broadcast an image of the family capable of ensuring the reproduction of the population. The article is based on the results of a study conducted by an online survey using the Yandex Forms service. The study surveyed 612 people from the city of Kursk and the Kursk region (confidence probability – 95%, confidence interval ±3.5%), the sample included respondents aged 20 to 35 years. The analysis of the data obtained made it possible to identify and group marital attitudes as follows: attitudes towards family life, attitudes towards children, attitudes towards the distribution of roles in the family, leisure activities, status and attitudes towards the future. The authors determined that family and marriage attitudes play a significant role in the formation of the ideologeme of the family, the purposeful influence of the ideologeme on family and marriage attitudes will ensure the popularity of the family, marriage primarily for young people.

The aim of the research is a comprehensive analysis of the problems of civil society formation in Russia, taking into account its civilizational specificity. The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the emergence of civil society, analyzing various approaches to its understanding and the peculiarities of its development in the Russian context. Conclusions. Based on a study of a wide range of contemporary research, it is revealed that mechanical copying of Western institutions without consideration of national specifics is ineffective. Special attention is paid to the historical prerequisites and socio-cultural factors that define the uniqueness of the Russian path in the development of civil institutions. Current issues of interaction between the state and society, the role of non-profit organizations, and local self-government in fostering civic engagement are discussed. A detailed analysis of modern trends in public initiatives, the volunteer movement, and philanthropy is conducted as important components in the formation of civil society. Particular emphasis is placed on studying the impact of digitalization on the transformation of social ties and the emergence of new forms of civic activity. The research indicates the necessity of developing a unique model of civil society that considers both Russian traditions of collective identity and community as well as contemporary democratic values. It is determined that the key factors for the successful development of civil society in Russia are: the integration of ethnic and confessional communities through the activation of their traditional potential, the formation of a strong middle class, and a rethinking of the role of the state towards a balance between centralized governance and public self-organization.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the factors influencing the formation of entrepreneurial attitudes and readiness for entrepreneurial activity among Russian students. The main purpose of the work is to identify the significant potential of students as an important reserve for the further development of the Russian economy. Within the framework of this study, the key barriers and restrictions that hinder the full development of youth entrepreneurship in the country were examined in detail. Based on the analysis, a set of measures and recommendations aimed at overcoming these obstacles is proposed. The results of three consecutive studies have shown significant differences in the levels of readiness and perception of entrepreneurial activity among students of various fields of study at universities. In addition, factors influencing the formation of entrepreneurial attitudes were identified, such as educational programs, features of the external socio—economic environment, as well as personal experience and competencies of students. Based on the data and conclusions obtained, specific recommendations were developed for universities and government support programs that could contribute to more effective development of youth entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation.

In modern Russian society, due to the increasing importance and role of non-profit organizations, there is an urgent need to find approaches and methods to increase the trust of stakeholders in them. One of the key areas of building trust in the activities of non-profit organizations is a well-developed marketing strategy that includes branding. Hence, the purpose of the study is to study the features of the brand formation of non-profit organizations as a factor contributing to increased trust among stakeholders. The goal involves solving the following tasks: studying the specifics of the marketing approach of non-profit organizations; analyzing the brand of a non-profit organization in building trusting relationships with stakeholders; substantiating the importance of using social networks in forming trusting relationships with stakeholders. The key research method is the analysis of foreign scientific literature, as well as expert opinions. As a result of the research, the following results were obtained: differences in the marketing approaches of commercial and non-profit organizations were revealed; The relevance of using the H2H strategic approach with an emphasis on developing ties and relationships with stakeholders is outlined; in terms of recommendations for building a strong brand as a basis for strengthening trusting relationships with stakeholders, the idea of the need for wider use of social networks as a platform for multilateral communications and opportunities for more effective mutual discussion of socially important issues is substantiated. which are addressed by the activities of non-profit organizations.

The purpose of this article is to survey the approaches to analyzing the primary causes of the transformation of warfare in modern conditions, characterized by transition to a new technological paradigm in which digitalization, in conjunction with nano-, bio-, cognitive, and social technologies, plays a leading role. Digitalization generates transformation of warfare, affecting both its classical and non-classical forms. This factor intersects with the contest among globalization projects, within which the primary belligerents are subjects of globalization opposing subjects of nation-states and local civilizations.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the most important foundations and elements of natural theology. Largely due to the scientific revolution of the 17th century, natural theology, which replaced scholasticism, was very popular in Christian Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. The formation of a holistic Christian worldview during this period was associated with the development of scientific ideas about the world. Many scientists and theologians, seeing the ultimate goal of knowledge of the universe in strengthening the sense of admiration for the wise and rational Creator and reverence for him, found in scientific data confirmation of the existence and providence of God. In this respect, natural theology represented the first form of real integration of Christianity and science.

The purpose of the research. The article is devoted to a brief overview of the philosophical and socio-political views of F.A. Stepun: in the pre-revolutionary and emigrant periods of his life. In the first stage of his work, the conceptual basis of the neo-Kantian theory of culture is traced. The philosopher’s views were aimed at finding the basic values of life, introducing the individual and society to truth, goodness, beauty, freedom, and spiritual self-improvement. The second period of Stepun’s life is associated with a deep analysis of the socio-political processes taking place in Soviet Russia, the need to understand the origins and causes of the Russian revolution as a deeply national phenomenon, but not shifting responsibility to external circumstances. He believed that understanding the meaning of the Russian revolution was impossible without understanding its national and religious roots. Thinker compare Russia and Germany in the period of most acute political crisis, with the coming to power of authoritarian leaders, analyzing the processes of the second world war, tried to find a way out of catastrophism era panslavism peoples. F.A. Stepun focused on the spiritual component of Russian Orthodox culture, saw the way out of the ideological crisis in a unified history of the peoples, drawing on the traditions of Russia.

The ability to be surprised and label unique, contradictory, but axiologically valuable phenomena as “miracle”, “miraculous” is a stable phenomenon of human existence. The concept of “miracle”, having religious connotations, often acting as the basis of faith in theistic religions, can also be interpreted as one of the ways to rationalize the mysterious and the unknown, understood very broadly. The subject of this research is the problem of interpretation and representation of the “miraculous” in Soviet film tales and animation of the 1930s. In the context of plans to build a non-religious society within the framework of the overall project of the “cultural revolution”, there are: 1) the legitimacy of the miracle in the fairy-tale and folklore material, the construction of the Soviet New Year’s Holiday; 2) the use of the miraculous as an artistic device serving educational purposes in the socialist reality, emphasizing disbelief in supernatural miracles, but relying on systematic and purposeful activity, struggle, work, skill, ingenuity, good deeds; 3) the mode of perception of the miraculous is technological achievements in cinema, which are self-valuable in the context of the development of this art form, and are subordinated to the tasks of creating a magical fairy-tale world, and enhance the mirativity (i.e., positive emotional and evaluative effect of admiration) to achieve ideological goals.