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№ 6 (2012)

Articles

THE PRESENT EPIDEMIC SITUATION OF INFECTIONS CONTROLLED BY MASS IMMUNIZATION IN WEST SIBERIA

RUSAKOVA E., SEMENENKO T., SHCHERBAKOV A., NIKOLAYEVA O., SHAPOSHNIKOV A.

Аннотация

Objective. To estimate the present epidemic situation of infections controlled by specific immunization agents in one of the West Siberian regions at the stage of measles elimination in Russia. Materials and methods. Statistical data on incidence of controlled infections and sera from different population groups were analyzed. Epidemiological, serological, and statistical studies were used. Results. The incidence of controlled infections (measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, tuberculosis) was analyzed, by using the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District (KMAD-Yugra, West Siberia), Russian Federation, as an example, to evaluate the efficiency of mass immunization at the stage of global measles eradication in Russia. Basic trends and differences were found in the incidence of controlled infections at the present stage. Conclusion. An association was established between the incidence rate and the state of immunization in the KMAD.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):4-9
pages 4-9 views

HERD IMMUNITY AGAINST CONTROLLED INFECTIONS (ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE SERUM BANK)

SEMENENKO T., RUSAKOVA E., SHCHERBAKOV A., GAIDARENKO A., GOTVYANSKAYA T., EVSEYEVA L., SIPACHEVA N., GUSEVA E., NIKITINA G., SHAPOSHNIKOV A.

Аннотация

Objective. To study herd immunity against the pathogens of controlled infections (measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, and tetanus) by the materials of the serum bank and to evaluate the efficiency of mass immunization. Materials and methods. Serum samples from 2028 apparently healthy adults (blood donors) aged 20-50 years or older who lived in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District and from 540 healthy inhabitants of Moscow (a comparison group) were investigated. Test systems for the quantitative and qualitative enzyme-linked immunoassay of IgG to measles, epidemic parotitis, and rubella viruses were used to detect specific antibodies and erythrocyte diagnosticums (RPHA) were employed to assess immunity against diphtheria and tetanus. Results. Assessment of measles immunity ascertained a significant (11.4-31.3%) proportion of seronegative subjects, which was associated with the risk of complications of the measles epidemic situation in case of carriage of the infection pathogen. The rate of herd immunity against rubella and diphtheria was noted to be high. Conclusion. Analysis of immunity against epidemic parotitis virus revealed a very large (36.1-41.8%) number of seronegative subjects in adults of all age groups, which suggests vaccination pitfalls and necessitates further enhancement of the efficiency of mass immunization.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):10-15
pages 10-15 views

CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINE VIRUS STRAINS FOR LIVE ATTENUATED INFLUENZA VACCINE BASED ON POTENTIALLY PANDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUSES

BAZHENOVA E., LARIONOVA N., FEDOROVA E., DUBROVINA I., KISELEVA I., RUDENKO L.

Аннотация

Objective. To provide the currently achieved results of searches for safe in ovo development of candidate strains for live attenuated influenza vaccine based on H5N1 viruses with a high pandemic potential. Materials and methods. Candidate strains as a source of antigenic determinants were used to obtain inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccine containing six internal genes from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) influenza virus. The PR8 virus genes were replaced by the appropriate genome segments of the attenuated donor strain of the Russian live influenza vaccine A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) through reassortment. Results. A strong coupling was found between the genome segments encoding the proteins NA and PB2 and the reassortments inherited strictly jointly from one of the parental viruses. Temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted 7:1 reassortment virus strains were obtained, which inherited only the HA gene from avian influenza viruses and all other genes from the attenuated donor strain. Conclusion. Notwithstanding the fact that 6:2 reassortment strains could not be obtained, we suppose that 7:1 reassortants based on highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains in case of pandemic emergence can serve as a basis for developing live attenuated influenza vaccine against potentially pandemic avian influenza A (H5N1).
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):16-20
pages 16-20 views

CURRENT EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEPATITIS C IN RUSSIA

MUKOMOLOV S., LEVAKOVA I., SULYAGINA L., SINAISKAYA E., BOLSUN D., IVANOVA N.

Аннотация

Hepatitis C (HC) remains one of the most important public health problems in many countries worldwide, including in the Russian Federation. The specific features of the epidemiology of this infection are little covered in the current scientific literature. Objective: To assess current trends in the development of an epidemic process of HC on the basis of an analysis of the data of the present time versus the 1990s. Materials and methods. The incidence of acute (AHC) and chronic (CHC) infection in the period 1994 to 2011 was estimated using the records of 198196 AHC cases and 638154 CHC cases. Enzyme immunoassay revealed anti-HCV in 605 patients from hemodialysis units of 5 Saint Petersburg hospitals. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect HCV genotypes in 158 samples from CHC patient. Results. The baseline basic epidemiological HC patterns (the rate of AHC is lower than that of acute hepatitis B; very low involvement of children less than 14 years into the epidemic process, the great importance of artificial transmission routes of HC virus, high chronicity rates) has been established to remain at the present time.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):21-25
pages 21-25 views

MONITORING OF POSTCONTACT PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL HIV INFECTION IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

NARSIA P., KOZYREVA N., SUVOROVA Z., LADNAYA N., YURIN O.

Аннотация

The authors have analyzed 692 registration forms with data on occupational injuries among health care workers, who give aid to HIV-infected patients, from 11 subjects of the Russian Federation. In 2010—2011 versus the earlier period (2006—2010), the incidence of surgical injuries increased 1.5-fold (from 22.2 to 32.7%), the number of emergencies rose during intravenous injections. At the same time, there was a considerable decline in the proportion of traumas when clearing the jobsite, making subcutaneous injections, and obtaining a venous blood sample. The cases reported in 2010—2011 showed that all injured medical workers needed chemoprophylaxis. However, the latter was done on an average of as high as 76% of cases; three antiretroviral agents were administered rarely (in 46 and 34% of all the chemoprophylactic procedures in 2010 and 2011, respectively). To train the personnel to follow safety precautions, to use safe tools, protective barriers, and to expand access to current chemoprophylaxis regimens for medical workers are currently central.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):26-31
pages 26-31 views

THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (IN CASE OF HERPETIC INFECTION)

UCHAIKIN V.

Аннотация

N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia The clinical picture of an infectious disease depends on the route of infection. Penetration of an infectious agent through a tropic organ gives rise to a typical clinical picture and the disease has a cyclic course with recovery. Whereas the agent penetrates blood or perinatally, there is a clinical picture of slow infection with a steadily progressive course. The slow infections can include measles-induced subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, tetanus, rabies, HIV infection, herpes encephalitis in neonatal infants, and many other diseases. It is not improbable that all severe cases with a fatal outcome, as well as chronic types of infection and most cases with visceral involvement occur with an artificial infection mode in which an adequate immune response seems to be impossible or difficult.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):32-36
pages 32-36 views

THE ORAL CAVITY IN QUINSY

SOROKINA A., BOGOMOLOV B.

Аннотация

Objective. To evaluate the dental status in patients with quinsy. Subjects and methods. The investigation included 50 patients aged 15 to 40 years, who were treated in the infection unit of a multiprofile clinical hospital. A control group comprised 40 patients without ENT diseases. Results. The patients with quinsy develop inflammatory changes in the oral mucosa. There are the most common conditions: stomatitis (94%), glossitis (88%), cheilitis (60%), marginal periodontitis (96%), aphthous gingivostomatitis (48%), and recurrent herpes (36%), which complicate the course of the disease. No oral hygiene in patients with quinsy promotes the development of complications and more prolonged disease. The length of hospital stay is increased (13.56±0.44 days) as compared with the average length of stay (8-9 days). Conclusion. The performed investigations substantiate the necessity of higher dental alertness and a follow-up of patients with quinsy.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):37-40
pages 37-40 views

BIOCHEMICAL SIGNS OF ADJUSTMENT IN FOOD TOXIC INFECTION

FOKINA E., POKROVSKY V., ROSLYI I.

Аннотация

Objective. To study the nature of biochemical shifts in minimal toxicosis in patients with food toxic infection. Subjects and methods. The investigation enrolled 61 patients aged 18 to 25 years who were diagnosed as having moderate food toxic infection (FTI) with a prevalence of intoxication syndrome. Results. In the patients with FTI, the intoxication syndrome was accompanied by protein and carbohydrate metabolic disturbances during the course of an inpatient observation. The level of albumin decreased in proportion to the lower blood concentration of protein, but it did not drop below 50% of the total protein content. Hypoproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia was attended by adjustment-induced ALT- and GGT-hyperenzymenia. The rise of ALT levels was indicative of the activated process of gluconeogenesis and that of GGT was suggestive of intensive amino acid uptake at the tissue level. This pattern was particularly clearly seen in patients with a blood protein level of below 60 g/l. By keeping in mind this fact, dietary supplementation of beef broths in mild FTI and incorporation of endogenous albumin in severe FTI in the presence of hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia is pathogenetically warranted and advisable. Conclusion. In the context of the adjustment syndrome (after G. Selye), food toxic infection versus other infectious diseases may be considered as minimal toxicosis with characteristic biochemical shifts.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):41-45
pages 41-45 views

CRIMEAN-CONGO HEMORRHAGIC FEVER IN EURASIA IN XXI CENTURY: PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT

PLATONOV A., MALEEV V., SANNIKOVA I., PASECHNIKOV V., KARAN L., PLATONOVA O., KULICHENKO A.

Аннотация

The review considers the pathogenesis and treatment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). Antiviral cellular defense mechanisms include «cytoplasmic sensors» (proteins recognizing viral RNA), interferons, and interferon-stimulated genes and proteins. In some individuals CCHF virus may for unclear reasons overcome this defense and multiply in dendritic, endothelial and epithelial cells. In an experiment, if the interferon reception, or conducting of intracellular interferon-dependent signals, or interferon-related reaction are interrupted, so the propagation of CCHF virus cannot be controlled. In a clinical setting, the high concentration of CCHF virus in a patient’s blood is an unequivocal sign and, possibly, a cause of disease severity. Endothelium is damaged either by the virus itself or by hyperactivated blood cells that in severe cases leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiple organ failure and death. The efficacy of antiviral drug ribavirin for the treatment of CCHF is considered using both the original publications and their meta-analysis. Despite of numerous uncertainties caused by the absence of the convincing data of randomized placebocontrolled trials, the early use of ribavirin is still the only option for etiotropic therapy of CCHF. We look forward to developing novel drugs based on specific small interfering RNAs or broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):46-58
pages 46-58 views

EPIDEMIOLOGY AS GENERAL MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC AND PROPHYLACTIC SCIENCE AT THE PRESENT STAGE

BELOV A., OGARKOV P.

Аннотация

The article gives the results of scientif ic and practical activities of the Epidemiology Departments of Prophylactic Faculties at the universities of the Russian Federation, which are aimed at forming a system for training physicians in the epidemiology of non-communicable diseases. Promises for improving the interaction between sanitary-and-epidemiological establishments and institutions, which are engaged in the prevention of non-communicable diseases among the population, are considered.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):59-64
pages 59-64 views

CHANGES IN THE DEGREE OF HEPATIC FIBROSIS DUE TO THREE-YEAR ENTECAVIR THERAPY IN A PATIENT WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B WITH AN OUTCOME TO HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS

ZNOIKO O., DUDINA K., SAFIULLINA N., KARANDASHOVA I., CHULANOV V.

Аннотация

The paper describes a clinical case demonstrating the reversal of hepatic fibrosis during three-year entecavir therapy in a patient with chronic hepatitis B with an outcome to hepatic cirrhosis.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):65-67
pages 65-67 views

FROM CREATION OF QUARANTINE TO SANITARY AND QUARANTINE CONTROL: HISTORY OF THE TAGANROG PORT

LYAKH O., VODYANITSKAYA S.

Аннотация

The paper presents information on the history of development of the city of Taganrog and the Taganrog port and on the history of formation of a sanitary and quarantine service in the port, called a sanitary and quarantine control type today.
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):68-71
pages 68-71 views

VLADIMIR VIKTOROVICH KUTYREV

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Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):72-73
pages 72-73 views

ALEKSANDR DMITRIYEVICH BOTVINKIN

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Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):74-75
pages 74-75 views

RESOLUTION OF THE MEETING OF THE GUIDANCE COMMISSION ON EPIDEMIOLOGY

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Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):76-77
pages 76-77 views

INDEX OF PAPERS PUBLISHED IN THIS JOURNAL IN 2012

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Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2012;(6):78-80
pages 78-80 views