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Volume 17, Nº 2 (2021)
- Ano: 2021
- Artigos: 11
- URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/2500-0640/issue/view/8609
Articles
MONITORING OF GEODYNAMIC ACTIVITY OF THE ROSTOV NUCLEAR POWER PLANT REGION WITH GPS TECHNOLOGY
Resumo
A description of the seismotectonic situation of the area at the Rostov Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) industrial site area is given. It is noted that despite the location of the NPP within the stable platform area, there is a possibility of rare strong seismic events in the zones of intersection of deep faults of the north-western and north-eastern directions, where superdeformations of the crust (2 × 10−5... 7 × 10−5) with a formation time from several days to several months are possible. Estimation of the maximum possible magnitude for faults of an unclear degree of tectonic activity Мmax, performed by the Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences (GS RAS) according to the maximum gradients of the geoidal height field gives Мmax a magnitude value of up to 5.2. Taking into account the expression for the empirical deformation radius of Dobrovolsky RD = 100.43M, magnitude 5.2 approximately corresponds to a radius of 170 km, within the IAEA requirements (up to 200 km). For the area of the NPP industrial site location with such radius, where earth’s surface deformations are possible, scientifically based data on the geodynamic situation should be obtained. The project of the GPS network developed by the GS RAS was considered in order to assess seismogeodynamic activity of the Rostov NPP location area. The efficiency of the GS RAS GPS network can be improved by installing five additional permanent GPS stations of the Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SSC RAS) and introducing a new technology for processing satellite measurements based on multidimensional statistics. An example of the current GPS monitoring system of the SSC RAS, created jointly with Yuzhmorgeologiya JSC and Kuban State University on the basis of a regional GPS network in the Taman Peninsula region, is presented. In the course of observations during the period of increased seismic activity in 2017–2018 42 earthquakes were recorded, of which a catalog of 12 seismic events with magnitudes from 3.5 to 4.7 and epicenters on land and in the Azov and Black Seas was compiled. The definition of the integrated indicator of the stressed-deformed state of the crust is given on the basis of mathematical methods of multidimensional statistics. Analysis of time variations of the integrated indicator value in the low-frequency band shows an increase in its amplitude 20–40 days before the earthquake within the GPS network.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(2):3-10
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES IN THE LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF 134Cs IN THE ATOMIC EPOCH
Resumo
The role of short-lived radioisotopes in the formation of the radioecological background in the seas of the Arctic and southern Russia is evaluated. The materials of long-term observations of the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and open literature sources on the content of the radioisotope 134Cs in the marine environment and biota are analyzed. The levels of its concentration in soil, lichens, algae, fish, seawater and bottom sediments are shown. The geographical features of its distribution in the marine and coastal environment are discussed. The obvious and potential sources of this radioisotope entering the marine ecosystems of the polar and southern seas of Russia are indicated. The short half-life makes 134Cs a marker of recent atmospheric precipitation. Its inclusion in the spectrum of radioactive contamination is rare, and the concentrations are insignificant. However, the harsh gamma radiation makes it one of the most dangerous elements in radiation accidents. The example of atmospheric transboundary transport of 134Cs in the northern hemisphere after the Chernobyl and Fukushima-1 accidents determines the relevance of studying the current background of this radionuclide in the marine environment and biota. It is emphasized that in the Arctic seas there is a steady tendency to reduce man-made isotopes. However, in the areas of discharge of outflow glaciers of the continental glaciations of Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, and Severnaya Zemlya, it is impossible to exclude the localization of weak marine pollution with this isotope. It is stated that the current radioisotope inclusions in the environment of the high-latitude Arctic are caused by the melting of glaciers that accumulated early atmospheric precipitation and local sources. In the seas of southern Russia, the inclusion of 134Cs in modern layers is due to the re-deposition of bottom sediments and occasional washouts from the catchment area. This study shows the current background of radioactive 134Cs in the ecosystems of the Sea of Azov and the seas of the Arctic shelf, the excess of which requires immediate research and search for sources of emission.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(2):11-23
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PENETRATION OF SALINE WATERS FROM THE TAGANROG BAY INTO THE BRANCHES OF THE DON RIVER DELTA (NUMERICAL MODELING ON THE EXAMPLE OF AN EVENT IN THE PERIOD FROM 23 TO 27 SEPTEMBER 2014)
Resumo
The mouth area of the Don is a key area of the Sea of Azov basin, where complex processes of interaction between river and sea waters take place. Wind-induced water level fluctuations and the related inflow of transformed sea waters into the Don River delta branches are especially manifested here. Under certain hydrometeorological conditions, the salty waters of the Taganrog Bay penetrate even into the mouth of the Don River, where fresh water intake is located. The paper describes a mathematical model of the process of the salt water inflow of the Taganrog Bay into the Don River delta. The hydrodynamic component of the model is based on the equations of Saint-Venant, written in characteristic form. The transport component is described by the one-dimensional convectiondiffusion equation in the case of a conservative substance. The mouth section of the Lower Don from the village of Razdorskaya to the mouths of the Don River delta, including the Stary Don, Mokraya Kalancha, and Bolshaya Kuterma branches, was chosen as the calculation area. The problem is solved by finite-difference methods using implicit schemes. The calculations were carried out taking into account the meteorological situation in the period from 23 to 27 September 2014, when the strongest wind surge in recent years was observed. The results of calculations of the water flow rate and salt concentration in the Don branches depending on the water level in the Taganrog Bay are presented. Comparison of the calculated values of the salt concentration in the Azov port area with the observed values showed that the presented mathematical model adequately describes the process of salt water inflow from the Taganrog Bay into the main branches of the Don River. At the same time, the model gives an idea of the general trend of possible salinization of the Don River delta during surges, which can be used for prediction of such phenomena and taking executive decisions for sustainable water supply of seaside cities.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(2):24-33
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NEW DATA ABOUT THE FUNCTION OF UNDERGROUND AND BLACK SEA WATERS IN THE AZOV-DON BASIN DURING THE LACK OF WATER PERIOD
Resumo
The base of observations and conclusions regarding the modes of penetration of saline waters into the Don River delta have been significantly expanded. Water samples for hydrochemical analyses were taken from 20 November 2020 to 8 March 2021 at maximum positive and negative water surges. In some cases, samples in the river were collected in layers. Water was taken from the main water pipeline in the city of Azov. Purposeful sampling involved elucidation of the nature of ground, river and sea waters, their combination under surge conditions. The fixation of the material was carried out under normal conditions, extreme fluctuations in sea level, with a sharp increase of groundwater percent under ice, on a shallow seashore, in canals during negative surge. It was shown that in some delta branches, in the autumn-winter period, under conditions of eastern winds, lasting up to 2–4 weeks and at a speed of more than 6–10 m/sec, water exchange with the Sea of Azov and the navigable canal of the Don River is stopped. After the cessation of water connection, the channels are filled with groundwater. The evolution pattern of the types of stratification of sea and ground waters salinity in the Svinoe Arm of the Don River delta is constructed with alternating positive and negative surges. The reasons for the lack of water are explained, in which the missing volumes are compensated by the transfer of water from the Black Sea, which, in a transformed form, occasionally fill the Don River delta and enter the water intake systems of the city of Azov. In the Lower Don and Azov regions, there is a significant shortage of fresh water, including drinking water, in large cities. Many small rivers of the Azov region completely stop flowing during the warm period. In the face of obvious drought, all branches of agricultural production have to commensurate the need for water with the available water resources.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(2):34-48
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CHANGES IN THE PALEOLANDSCAPES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC PROCESSES DURING THE HOLOCENE EPOCH ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE WATER AREA OF THE TAGANROG BAY AND THE ADJACENT SECTION OF THE DON RIVER DELTA
Resumo
The presented new research data reflect changes in the natural environment in the region. Special attention has been given to studying anthropogenic load, which significantly affects the ecosystem of the region over the last 200–300 years, and especially since the middle of the 20th century when the Don River flow has been regulated. The bottom sediments in the eastern area of the Taganrog Bay are characterized. The study results suggest that changes in the depositional conditions in this area of the Sea of Azov occurred about 4.5 thousand years ago. We analyzed data on the change in the suspended sediment flow since the Don River regulation and the transformation of the river runoff on the southern flank of the Don delta, caused by the Azov-Don sea canal put into operation in 1927. We concluded about the degradation of that part of the Don delta. Malacological studies revealed bottom fauna presented with marine, brackish (Ponto-Caspian), and freshwater species, in sediments of the eastern part of the Taganrog Bay and the adjacent area of the Don River delta. The soil cover in the Don River delta has been studied with the subsequent ranking according to the degradation factor.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(2):49-56
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MICROPLASTIC CONTAMINATION OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE SEA OF AZOV
Resumo
This paper aims at assessment of microplastics concentrations in bottom sediments of the Sea of Azov, and research of morphological features, size of particles, level, ways of degradation (or destruction) of microplastics and its chemical composition. During the study, 27 samples of bottom sediments of the Sea of Azov were taken. The samples were processed using the modified method NOAA. The analysis showed pollutant presence in 100 % of the samples. The concentration of microplastics particles in sediment samples from different regions varies from 27 to 130 pcs/kg, with an average of 69 pcs/kg. Three zones of increased pollution of bottom sediments have been identified: the eastern part of the Taganrog Bay (80–97 pcs/kg), which is in the zone of influence of the Kuban River, the region of the Kerch pre-strait – the zone of influence of the Black Sea waters (more than 80 pcs/kg). The central areas of the sea bottom covered with fine-silt and pelitic silts as well as the waters of Kazantip and Arabat Bays are relatively clean, with a microplastic content less than the average values for the water area. Morphological features of the particles were studied using a stereo microscope (Micromed MC-1 2C Digital). Translucent fibres and membranes prevailed in all the samples. Study of size showed that the most frequently observed are particles of 0.4–0.5 mm, the median of size range being 0.6 mm. Types of microplastics degradation were determined by using a scanning electron microscope (VEGA II LMU) in the form of fracturing, splitting, dissection, swelling, etc. By means of a JASCO FT/IR-6800 FT-IR spectrometer, it was found that most of the detected particles consist of: acrylic, polyamide (nylon), thermoplastic polymers, polyethylene, polyester and polystyrene.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(2):57-65
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METHOD OF ROBUSTLY STABLE MOTION CONTROL OF A GROUP OF MOBILE ROBOTS WITH A LEADER FOR MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTICS SYSTEMS AND ENSURING THE SAFETY OF THE POPULATION AND COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Resumo
The developing scientific foundations issue is relevant and topical today for the application of digital economy technologies for monitoring and forecasting hazardous processes and ensuring the safety of the population and coastal infrastructure. Especially it is topical to the implementation of the theoretical principles of monitoring for aquatic ecosystems which would include both classical, field observations and new technologies of contactless monitoring. The goal of this study is to solve this issue in terms of improving the characteristics of reliability and “openness” of systems. The authors of this article have developed the structure of a decentralized distributed system without hierarchical subordination as well as methods and algorithms for the functioning of a distributed network of sensors and a mobile robotic complex. MRC is the part of this system. MRC allows collecting data on the state of the environment by means of on-board sensor subsystems and collecting data accumulated by telecommunication isolated fragments of a distributed network of smart sensors in remote and hard-to-reach places using distributed computing and elements of fog computing. The effectiveness of the proposed model and method is achieved through the use of a control system, the multidimensional digital control device of which has a sufficiently high order. Algorithms of calculating the values of control actions are obtained by using decomposing control and the method of analytical synthesis of systems with output and action control. The robustness property to deviations of uncertain delays in the communication channels of each MR with the leader is achieved by using the properties of the proposed polynomial control equations. The proposed approach can be used to create digital control systems for both one-dimensional and multidimensional objects (multirobotic complex) which can be used to place sensors for monitoring and diagnostic systems in various fields of application.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(2):66-73
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ASSESSMENT OF MATERIAL DAMAGE OF ABRASIVE AND LANDSLIDE PROCESSES EFFECT IN MUNICIPALITIES IN THE COASTAL ZONE OF THE SEA OF AZOV
Resumo
The paper deals with assessing of the material damage caused by the occurrence of abrasion and landslide processes in the municipalities of the Sea of Azov coastal zone on the example of the Rostov Region. The authors identified a zone of impact of abrasive processes according to the average long-term abrasion rates in the future for a 20-year period, within which 73 capital construction objects and structures for various purposes are subject to the risk of complete or partial destruction. The loss of land from abrasion in the coastal zone of the Rostov Region, including the coastal Neklinovskiy and Azov rural administrative districts, averages 23 m2 per 1 running km over 20 years. The value of the projected total damage to socio-economic objects is 150 million rubles. The main damage from abrasion in the Neklinovskiy district is associated with the possible destruction of construction facilities and infrastructure, while in the Azov district – with the land plots for various economic purposes. Polyakovskoe and Novobessergenevskoe rural settlements in the Neklinovskiy district of the Rostov Region with a large number of capital construction objects, infrastructure, and high cadastral value of land can be endamaged to the maximum extent. The main damage of Semibalkovskoe rural settlement in the Azov district can be caused by the abrasive destruction of the land of settlements. Semibalkovskoe, Novobessergenevskoe and Natalyevskoe rural settlements are the leaders in terms of the specific value of land loss. Administrations can use the results of the work for making management decisions to prevent dangerous coastal processes at the regional and local levels.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(2):74-82
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THE STORM ON THE CASPIAN SEA IN 1952: SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES AND MEASURES FOR ELIMINATION (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE STATE ARCHIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN)
Resumo
The article presents materials about a large-scale storm and flood in the Caspian Sea that occurred on November 10–13, 1952, and the measures taken by the Soviet leadership to eliminate its consequences. The article is based on data from the archival funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan – the resolutions of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and the Council of Ministers of the Dagestan ASSR, which had a secret stamp. These materials are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the research topics presented in the article have not been studied. The storm wind of the east and southeast direction in the Caspian Sea reached 15–28 m/s, the surge height was 1.5–4.2 m. As a result of the catastrophic surge, a strip of land up to 35 km wide from the water’s edge appeared under the water. The natural disaster affected the Astrakhan, Grozny and Stavropol regions, the Dagestan and North Ossetian ASSR of the RSFSR, and the Guryev region of the Kazakh SSR. The analyzed documents present liquidation measures to restore the damaged infrastructure of the flooded areas and conduct rescue operations. The central state administrative bodies and administration of the USSR regulated and monitored the restoration activities in the affected regions caused by this natural disaster. The Soviet leadership promptly helped the victims, preventing the widespread dissemination of information about the natural disaster. Various ministries took part in the liquidation activities, allocating the necessary funds and materials to carry out work to restore the damaged premises, warehouses, institutions, and residential buildings. Operations were organized to rescue people and the fishing fleet in distress during the storm in the Caspian Sea. About 15 million rubles were allocated to eliminate the catastrophic consequences. The banking sector of the USSR aided in the form of loans in the amount of about 11 million rubles for construction with a delay in repayment of 2–3 years. The affected regions were provided with industrial materials, goods and equipment for restoration work. Along with the provision of direct assistance, part of the goods was provided based on the return of their value. The storm inflicted the most devastating consequences on the coastal territories of the Astrakhan region and the Dagestan ASSR of the RSFSR, as well as the Guryev region of the Kazakh SSR.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(2):83-89
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THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE 1969 PITSUNDA STORM AND MEASURES TO OVERCOME THEM
Resumo
The storm of 1969 in Pitsunda became one of the most resonant events among natural disasters of the late 1960s in the south of the USSR. Pitsunda was one of the main vacation spots for the Soviet political and cultural elite, as well as foreign tourists. However, mistakes in the construction of the resort complex, first of all, the reduction of the natural beach, upset the natural balance. The Soviet government adopted special decrees to eliminate the consequences of the storm and protect the shores of the Black Sea from destruction. The key direction of the expanded work was the introduction of the principles of preserving the natural sustainability of the coastline, taking into account the long-term consequences of interference in natural processes, and studying the effect of the construction of various structures on them. The new norms for the rational design of bank protection structures and forecasts of changes in the coastal zone were supposed to be disseminated as widely as possible in the practical activities of interested organizations in the coastal regions of the country. In the course of this work, steps were taken to prohibit the withdrawal of sediment from the beaches, the lower reaches of rivers and the seabed, control over the implementation of relevant regulations was established, measures were taken to create enterprises for the extraction of gravel, pebbles and sand outside the coastal zone. National science was entrusted with responsible tasks for the study and development of the resources of the sea coasts, the research of little-studied natural processes, the development of forecasts of coastal transformation, the identification of errors in the design of coastal structures, as well as the formation of relevant proposals. In the process of implementing these tasks, the administrative and managerial structures, research and production organizations of the Soviet Union had to overcome significant difficulties, there were successes and failures. These issues are still relevant to the present, which increases the importance of studying the relevant developments, the reasons for success and failure. These issues are still relevant to the present, which increases the importance of studying the relevant developments, the reasons for success and failure.
Nauka Yuga Rossii. 2021;17(2):90-97
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