No 4 (2023)

The aim of the study is to quantify the contribution of additive, dominant and epistatic dispersions to the overall genetic variation of the 1000 grain weight trait to increase the efficiency of breeding heterotic hybrids of winter rye. The experiments were carried out at the experimental base of the Federal Research Center «Nemchinovka» (Moscow region). The starting material was 10 male sterile homozygous inbred lines carrying the Pump-type cytoplasm. These lines were crossed with two male fertile test lines: mf H-842 and mf H-1247. Test crosses were carried out in 2019 on two isolated plots according to the topcross scheme. The resulting hybrids and their parent forms were tested in 2020 and 2021 on plots of 8 m2 in two-fold repetition. The test for epistasis and decomposition of the genetic varianсе into additive and dominant components was carried out by the method of Jinks J., Perkins L.M., Brees E.L. (1969). The data show that the additive interaction of genes, as well as incomplete dominance, plays the main role in determining the trait of granularity. A stable ratio of these interactions was established over the years: the proportion of additive effects varied at the level of 83.9-84.7%, and the proportion of dominant effects at the level of 15.3-16.1%. The indicator of the degree of dominance √(H1/D) was less than one and varied slightly over the years. It follows from this that dominant alleles affecting gross grain do not completely suppress the effect of their recessive alleles. For this reason, simple interlinear hybrids inherit an intermediate phenotype compared to the parent forms. The most coarse-grained hybrids were obtained by crossing lines ms H-1054, ms H-649 and ms H-1090 with the coarsegrained tester mf H-1247. It is concluded that, in the synthesis of commercial rye hybrids, it is necessary to strive to ensure that all parent forms are gross-grained. To obtain such lines it is advisable to use methods of recurrent selection as well as convergent and cumulative breeding.

The study was conducted in order to expand the possibilities of using the developed multiple nonlinear regression equation, re ecting the dependence of the protein content in wheat grain (Y, %) on the content of raw gluten (X1, %) and the mass of 1000 grains (X2, g). The possibility of practical use of the developed and three improved equations for predicting the protein content of wheat grain is shown. An algorithm and results of checking the prognostic capabilities and accuracy of predict equations from independent data are presented. Generalization of experimental data from 288 literature sources of domestic and foreign authors with a total number of observations n = 4604 on more than three hundred varieties of winter and spring soft and durum wheat grown in the period from 1959 to 2020 in Russia and abroad (Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine) showed that the number of values that go beyond to limits regulated by GOST 10846-91 «Protein determination method» was 755 or 16.4 %. At the same time, the accuracy of prediction the protein content reached 83.6 %. The developed equations can be used to predict of protein content in almost all cases: when the results of the analysis of protein content and raw gluten in wheat kernel, as well the 1000-kernels weight are given at actual or fxed moisture content, or in terms of dry matter

In order to reduce the pesticide load on agrocenoses, studies of the effectiveness of biofungicides in the cultivation of spring wheat are very significant Studies were carried out in 2019-2021 on the experimental field of the plant protection department of the SFNCA RAS, located in the forest- steppe zone of Priobye. The possibilities of using microbiological preparations Trichodermin, Sporobac-terin and Fitosporin- M to protect spring wheat from diseases were studied on crops of the Novosibirskaya 31 variety. The effect of biological preparations on the development of leaf diseases as well as on the growth processes and yield of wheat was studied. The development of leaf infections was moderate. Against septoriosis in the phase of the beginning of milk maturity of grain ef ciency of the treatments of crops with Fitosporin- M and fungicide Titul Duo was 47,3 % and 67,7 %, in combination with the treatment of seeds - 31,2-75,3 %. Against powdery mildew, the efficiency of seed treatment with Trichodermin, Sporobacterin, Scarlet, and crop treatment with fungicide Titul Duo ranged from 6.7 % to 52.2 %, and against leaf rust, from 82.6 % to 95.6 %. Treatment of crops with Fitosporin- M and its combination with seed treatment had no deterrent effect on these leaf diseases. Growth of the flag leaf area in the experiment was 9,4-41,9 % relative to control (11,7 cm2); it was greatest in Trichodermin+Titul Duo and Sporobacterin+Titul Duo variants. Treatment of seeds and crops with preparations had an effect on the structure of the wheat ear. The combined treatment of the seeds with biological preparations and sowing of wheat with Fitosporin- M and Titul Duo resulted in the increase of such indices as the ear length (by 8,1-17,9 %), number of ears (by 6,1-14,4 %) and grains (by 21,8-43,4 %) in an ear, weight of grains per ear (by 28,9-61,1 %). Weight of 1000 grains increased significantly in all variants of the experiment by 2.7-14.0 %. Trichodermin + Titul Duo, Sporobacterin + Titul Duo, and Scarlet + Titul Duo were comparable in yield, 0.75 t/ha, 0.72 t/ha, and 0.80 t/ha, respectively; treatment of the crops with Fitosporin- M and Titul Duo resulted in additional 0.25 t/ha and 0.66 t/ha of the control (2.31 t/ha).

The study was carried out to evaluate the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the formation of weed infestation of fields in the crop rotation including cereals, row crops and grasses to understand the possibilities to manage the species composition and population of weed plants in the North- West of the Russian Federation. The experiments were performed in 2012-2018 in the Leningrad region during the fifth rotation with the following crops: narrow-leaved lupin, winter rye, spring barley with sowing of perennial grasses (red clover and timothy-grass), perennial grasses of 1 and 2 years, potato, spring rape. Weed infestation of fields in the crop rotation was depended more on biological features of cultivated cultures (species abundance 76,1 %, initial density 29,6 %, phytomass after harvest 21,0 %) than on individual parameters of weed infestation (3,5, 8,3, 17,7 %). The weather conditions were of decisive importance in weed initial formation (49,7 %), and, to a lesser degree, for such parameters as species abundance (30,7 %) and aboveground biomass of weeds (20,6 %). Weather conditions influenced the effects associated with the use of mineral fertilizers (interaction 4,0…11,9 %) and integrated plant protection system (interaction 2,9…12,0 %). Among the studied factors of crop production intensification application of herbicides in the variant with integrated plant protection system most affected the species abundance (26 %) and final phytomass of weed plants (26,2 %), whereas long term application of mineral fertilizers affected the initial weed infestation of agrocenoses (10,2 %), that was statistically sufficient in every year of the research (23,0…67,8 %). The combined effect of mineral fertilizers and herbicides most influenced the formation of the aboveground mass of weeds (interaction 0,9…5,0 %), especially in years with excessive humidity.

The purpose of the study is to study the dynamics of stand indicators (average height and diameter, the basal areas and stock) of pine forest plantations of different initial density over a 120-year period based on long-term observations on permanent sample plots. The object of the study was pine plantations on permanent trial plots of the Forest Experimental Station (Moscow). Course of Growth tables are among the simplest models that reflect the change in stand indicators of a collection of forest stands. A comparison of the growth and yield of forest stands on permanent test plots was carried out with tables of the growth course of full pine plantations in the European part of Russia and with tables of the growth course of modal pine stands of the European part of Russia (ecoregions of the southern taiga, zones of mixed, deciduous forests and forest-steppe). The actual curves of the dynamics of stand indicators are located in the entire range of the presented tabular values. It was revealed that the tables of the course of growth give a greatly simplified idea of the change in stand indicators, which in actual forest stands do not have a monotonous dynamic over time. Significant deviations of the series of dynamics of average heights and diameters, basal areas, wood stocks on trial plots from the data of tables of the growth rate of complete and modal pine forest stands were noted. An alternative to traditional tables can be predictive models of the dynamics of stand indicators with different initial state of forest stands, in which there is no strict link to the quality basis.

The aspects of productive longevity of crossbreeds of Black-and- White cows with Holstein were study in the amount of 9270 heads that completed the cycle of production use, and for various reasons culling of the herds in the period 1990-2020. The research was carried out using the method of groupings based on pedigree farms of the Smolensk region. Phenotypic correlations between the studied economic traits are calculated. As a result of crossing with the Holstein breed, there was an active taking of the Black-and- White breed by it through breeding bulls to 90,0 % and higher a blood relationship in the conditions of the Smolensk region. A regularity has been revealed - the higher the blood relationship to the Holstein breed, the lower the lifetime of cows. The difference in lifetime of cows with blood relationship by the Holstein breed from 17,6 % to 87,1 % was 4,36 lactation. The duration of productive life of cows come to 12-13 lactation, 50,9 % of animals culling between 2 and 4 lactations. With age, the ratio of milk and dry days changes in animals, and the longer the period of use, the greater the number of milk days on average for each year of a cow’s life. The main part of the animals’ lactates within the ratio of milking days to days of life from 50,1 to 75,0 %. The level of lifetime milk yield in cows is mainly presented in gradations from 10 thousand kg to 30 thousand. kg (56,7 % of the studied cattle number). As an detector of productive longevity of cows, it is important to use the milk yield indicator for one day of life, due to the high positive relationships (r=0,44-0,90) with age and economic traits. The inventory of the Black-and- White breed in the conditions of the Smolensk region showed the indicate of its replacement with the Holstein, and further breeding of these animals will be purebred with the participation of only the Holstein breed.

Necessity to provide beet-growing farms with high-quality planting material determines the main vector of domestic sugar beet seed-growing development. And a special role in the crop seed-growing is assigned to improvement of the main methods including development of promising raw material storage technique. Aim of the investigations is to reveal influence of physical and chemical methods of raw material storage, both separately and in combination, on planting material safety as well as productivity of sugar beet seed-bearing plants. The investigations have been carried out by Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «The A. L. Mazlumov All- Russian Research Institute of Sugar Beet and Sugar» in 2019-2021. Objects of the studies are beet mother roots and seed-bearing plants of the domestic hybrid (RMS-127) male sterile form. The experiments have been performed in a beet root storehouse and isolated plots according to methodological recommendations and instructions for sugar beet seed-growing. The experiment scheme is: 1) control (without treatment); 2) treatment of beet roots mother with infra-red radiation (30 sec.) using the Minin reflector (blue lamp); 3) spraying of beet mother roots with the fungicide of «Kagatnik, VRK» (0.10 l/t); treatment with «Kagatnik, VRK» (0.10 l/t) + infra-red radiation (30 sec.); 5) treatment with «Kagatnik, VRK» (0.10 l/t) + the surfactant of «Allure, Zh» (0.003 l/t). As a result, treatment of sugar beet mother roots with the fungicide of «Kagatnik, VRK» together with infrared radiation as well as in a tank mixture with the surfactant of «Allure, Zh» makes it possible to reduce mass losses by 1.6-2.3 absolute % and proliferation by 21.4-23.3 absolute % during storage, and to increase the yield of suitable for planting beet roots by 6-7 absolute %. Positive dynamics of beet mother roots’ storage technique aftereffect on development and productivity of sugar beet seed-bearing plants has been determined. The yield increase of the obtained sugar beet seeds is 0.5 t / ha, and high quality of seed sowing fractions (3.5-4.5 mm and 4.5-5.5 mm) is 96-98 %.