Territory and objects of the plant named after M.V. Frunze in the context of urban environment development in Penza

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The relevance of the work is determined by the high degree of interest of investors, authorities and civil society in the renovation of a large industrial area in the central part of the city, while preserving objects of cultural value and defining the identity of the city.

Research methodology is a combination of historical and comparative analysis based on a field survey of objects and territories and the study of archival materials.

The chronological boundaries of the study are the period 1914, 1915, 1916.

 

The city of Penza has few architectural heritage sites compared to major metropolitan areas. Therefore, each such object is of great interest. Of particular value are original structures that have no analogues. The originality ("identity") of the urban environment is largely determined by the preservation and adaptation to modern conditions of this kind of objects.

For a long time, one of the symbols of the city was the ZiF (plant named after MV Frunze, a bicycle plant, from the foundation - a "pipe plant") - the largest enterprise in the city. Plant named after M.V. Frunze in the city of Penza, located north of the central part of the city of Penza, within the boundaries: from the north - a radio factory (Litvinova st.), From the east - Penza 4 railway station, from the west - a watch factory and st. Zavodskaya, from the south it borders on Lenin street, st. Factory highway. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the enterprise has not functioned and its territory (55 hectares), located in the central part of the city, is not used.

In the adjacent territories, objects with signs of historical value have been preserved (House of Culture, apartment buildings, gymnasium and music school buildings, built in the 40-50s), watch and radio factories, PenzGTU, Parshin Technopark, DK im. Kirov. The territory, according to its functional purpose and nature of use, refers to an industrial territory.

In addition to the common lingering memory of the plant among the population, there are monuments and artifacts of two periods on the territory:

The first period - the beginning of the construction of a military profile plant (1914-1917). Two objects of this time have the status of monuments of historical heritage (a water tower and a plant management building)

The second period is the Soviet era (20-60s). Objects of this period are not protected by the status of historical heritage.

This paper considers objects on the territory of the plant, built in the period from 1914 to 1917, belonging to different types of architecture and of interest from the point of view of preserving the identity and continuity of the territory: the plant management building, industrial workshops (buildings A and B, as an opportunity for fragmentary conservation) and a water tower.

The main task is to create an information space in order to preserve status architectural monuments and less status, but historically valuable objects; their rational integration into the modern environment with the inevitable renovation of the industrial territory, as well as - in proposals for the reasonable adaptation of historical objects in the context of the prospect of renewal of the architectural environment.

 

History reference

Plant named after M.V. Frunze in Penza, located at st. Lenin, 3, began to form during the First World War from 1914 to 1916, before the start of the revolution and the civil war, as a Pipe Plant, which produced double-acting remote blasting tubes, i.e. exploded on impact or after a calculated time. The plant functioned until the 90s of the XX century. Both during the First World War and during the Second World War, the plant worked for the defense of the Fatherland.

During the First World War, factories were evacuated from the frontline zone, deep into the country. For the evacuated factories, new buildings were built with extensive use of the new building material reinforced concrete for the structures of production shops and technical facilities. The objects that will be considered in the article were built in the period from 1914-1916, belong to different types of architecture, this is the administrative building of the Plant Management, industrial buildings, production workshop A and production workshop B, technical structure Water tower.

1. The administrative building of the Factory Management was built in 1915 and is now in good condition after restoration. The building was built according to standard designs of two-level administrative buildings with a characteristic plan structure, which rests on the longitudinal axis; on the central transverse axis, the front part of the building with a portico on the second level is a projection in the plan. The central risalit ends with a gable roof, which organizes the pediment, which is supported by six columns of the Doric order. The ground floor is decorated with rustic wood. The organization of the interior space of the central projection is built according to the traditions of the layouts of the house-palace.On the transverse axis there are two entrance groups, the front one from the side of the park and the entrance from the territory of the plant. The ascent to the second floor is organized by two flight stairs. The main hall in front of the staircase is divided by differences in floor level, traditionally dividing the space, as in a palace-house, into cold and warm canopies. By the nature of the architectural techniques and the stylization of the forms of decorative plastic elements, the building belongs to the direction of neoclassicism, which developed within the Modern style, this style solution corresponds to the time of construction. The object is a cultural heritage monument of regional significance.

Rice. one . Objects of different periods located on the territory of the ZiF: water tower (1916); plant management building (1916); fountain in the territory (50s of the 20th century)

 

2. Industrial structures of the indicated period include two workshops, the safety of which is determined below satisfactory. Supporting reinforced concrete structures, floor structures and fragments of facade walls have been preserved.

Production workshops of pre-revolutionary construction are of interest not only from the point of view of urban and factory history, but also as one of the first examples of the use of monolithic reinforced concrete structures in Russian construction.

Production workshop A, the author of the project is not known, and production workshop B, built according to the design of P. L. Pasternak. In the plan, both workshops have a rectangular plan structure elongated on the longitudinal axis. A number of workshops are rhythmically arranged on the transverse axes, set in accordance with their function and interconnected on the transverse axes by through openings. [1] (Fig.2)

 

Rice. 2. Model of structures of workshop A (1), drawings of structures and facade of workshop B (2,3)

 

In production hall A, the examination revealed additional support structures in the form of solid partitions between the halls, which makes the space more enclosed and darker. In the ceiling there are rectangular tape lanterns with vertical glazing, this type of lantern has a low luminous activity. On the facade, brickwork is actively used, organizing rectangular light openings with a height of only three modules. In the forms of window openings in the vestibules of the workshop and in the decorative elements of the facade wall, decorative techniques of the Art Nouveau style can be traced, respectively, the construction time fits into the time limits from 1914 -1916. [1]

On a comparative analysis, we will consider the production workshop B, which was first built in 1914 according to the project of engineer Pyotr Leontyevich Pasternak (1885-1963), a Swiss and Russian civil engineer, a scientist in the field of structural mechanics, reinforced concrete structures, doctor of technical sciences. During the Soviet period, for his practical and scientific activities in 1956 he was awarded the title of Academician of the Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture of the USSR.

From 1914 to 1920 P.L. Pasternak worked as chief engineer of the Black Sea Construction Society in Petrograd. The Black Sea Construction Society of the Penza branch operated in Penza Gubernia, this is confirmed by archival materials. From the correspondence of the Economic and Construction Commission with the Black Sea Construction Society in Petrograd, as well as from the scientific work of P.L. Pasternak on reinforced concrete structures, a special course published in 1961. The authorship of the project of the production shop B. was established. [1]

In Russia, in 1911, the first technical conditions and norms for reinforced concrete structures were published using the technology patented by François Gennebeek in France back in 1892. F. Gennebik invented reinforced concrete slabs with a ribbed system, in which instead of iron retaining beams under concrete slabs, a monolithic ribbed reinforced concrete slab at the joints was used, reinforced with steel rods of circular cross-section, these rods could be bent and linked together, steel, unlike iron ones, worked on compression and expansion at different temperatures.

This design made it possible to make durable large-span ceilings and was cheaper for customers, since, unlike iron structures, it was fireproof and did not require annual maintenance.

During the First World War, Russian engineers built a number of large-span structures for various types of industrial buildings in different cities. It was this type of design that was used by engineer P.L. Pasternak during the construction of production hall B, which made it possible to abandon the supporting walls that limit the space.

In the overlap, in contrast to the rectangular type, a more complex design of a ribbon triangular lantern was arranged, this type of lantern has a triangular profile with an inclination of the glazed surfaces to the horizon by 45 degrees, it has a good lighting quality, therefore it is used only for the purpose of lighting, and is satisfied with it with solid glazing. The advantage of the reinforced concrete structure, in addition to large-span floors, made it possible to make them of different configurations and increase the height of the workshop. Due to the minimal use of brickwork on the facade, the glazing takes up the maximum amount on the vertical plane of the wall.

In the drawing with the facade of production workshop B (Figure 2), we see that the author of the project has not yet been able to completely abandon the brickwork of the facade wall, emphasizes small brick planes with stylized decorative elements, and in the upper part of the wall, the structure of triangular lanterns is hidden by an attic with a light window. Such techniques were used in the rationalistic direction of the Art Nouveau architectural style.

Workshop buildings are not included in the register of monuments and are in disrepair. Depending on the applied production technology, within the framework of building B, 7 different types of reinforced concrete frames with spans from 7.5 to 12 m were used with the use of monolithic frames, bezel-less trusses, inclined beams, lamp structures. The historical reconstruction of the form and facades of one of the workshops is shown in Fig. 2. Rational preservation of at least a small fragment of a workshop, as an object with a characteristic industrial architecture, in our opinion, can be profitable and will preserve the continuity and identification qualities of the territory. [2]

3. The water tower of the patented system of engineer V.G. Shukhov "for 50,000 buckets of water" 50 m high from monolithic reinforced concrete [1] - contained in the register of monuments of regional significance. The current state is emergency [2]. This object is a cultural heritage site of regional significance. [1]

Rice. 3. Variants of architectural solutions considered during construction: a tower in the form of a lighthouse (not accepted option), a tower of the Shukhov-Bari system (not accepted option), a tower made of monolithic reinforced concrete (accepted option) [3]

 

Unlike the Water Tower, designed by engineer V.G. Shukhov, using a hyperboloid structure consisting of a mesh metal structure with an open surface, which is formed due to the rotation of the hyperbola around an axis, in the project of engineer P.L. Pasternak will use a monolithic reinforced concrete structure for a glass-type tower, which he writes about in the Special Course on Reinforced Concrete Construction: “Reinforced concrete water tower 35m high. with a reinforced concrete tank with a capacity of 250 m3, built in 1916 in the city of Penza. The monolithic tower consists of six inclined columns interconnected by horizontal ceilings. A reinforced concrete trunk with window openings, a spiral staircase and pipes is arranged along the axis of the tower. In the lower part of the tower there is a pumping station room. The columns at the top form curved consoles, supporting the frame of the walls made of cinder-concrete stones and the reinforced concrete covering of the tent. Inside the tent there is a round tank with a spherical bottom, resting on the columns' consoles and on the central trunk. " [4]

Until the middle of the 20th century. the tower was the tallest structure in the city. Archival materials made it possible to establish that when deciding on the construction of the tower, 3 options of architectural and structural design were taken into account. Moreover, one of the unacceptable options is the well-known hyperbolic bar structure of the Shukhov - Bari system (analogue of the Shukhov tower, Fig. 3). The study of archival materials also showed amazing analogies with modernity. This applies to the terms of construction (only 3 months!), Chronic lack of funds, the competitive system during construction (the collateral of the developer organization ("Black Sea Construction Society")). [3]

The considered objects (workshops and tower) are one of the first examples of the use of complex monolithic reinforced concrete structures in Russia (trusses, frames, spherical tank bottoms, inclined columns 40 m high) and are mentioned in the book by P.L. Pasternak (Peter Pasternak) [1], one of the authors of the project. Moreover, P.L. Pasternak repeatedly returned in the text to the mentioned objects, noting their architectural expressiveness, which in many respects became possible precisely thanks to the monolithic method of construction. [5]

We also note the high technological level of thoughtfulness of architectural solutions, including in terms of architectural physics: lighting (light lamps), heat supply, drainage from the roof, creation of temperature and humidity conditions for industrial buildings, which today can serve as an example of the recycling of resources and green technologies. , as well as in terms of the installation of complex elements. [6]

Table 1.

Classification by periods, styles, directions and lines of development of modern architecture of the objects of the Pipe Plant, built from 1914-1916.

Classification by periods, styles, directions and lines of development of modern architecture of the objects of the Pipe Plant, built from 1914-1916.

Name of the property	Year built	The period of development of modern architecture	Style	Direction	The line of development of modern architecture
Administrative building of the Factory	1915	Modernism from the 1860s to the 1960s	Modern	Neoclassicism within the Art Nouveau style	Decorative and artistic
Production halls A and B	1915	Modernism from the 1860s to the 1960s	Modern	Rationalism inside the modern style	Rationalistic
Water tower	1915- 1916	Modernism from the 1860s to the 1960s		Protofunctionalism	Rationalistic

 

The considered objects are the Administrative Building of the Plant Management, the production workshop A and the production workshop B, the technical structure of the Water Tower, built in the period from 1914 to 1916 on the territory of the Pipe Plant, later on the territory of the plant. M.V. Frunze, according to the time of construction, methods and types of construction, they belong to the first period of development of modern architecture - Modernism. Within modernism, three lines of development of modern architecture were formed, these are rationalistic, synthetic and decorative-artistic, along these three lines a number of architectural directions of modern architecture will develop.

In terms of style, the administrative building of the Factory Management belongs to the direction of Neoclassicism, which develops within the Modern architectural style, and will refer to the decorative and artistic line of development of architecture. Production workshop B, when using new construction technologies, monolithic reinforced concrete structures, fits into the concept of modernism, but at the same time there is still no complete rejection of bricks and decorative techniques on the facade, therefore this structure fits into the rationalistic direction within the Modern style, will belong to the rationalistic line of development modern architecture.

The technical structure of the Water Tower with the use of a monolithic reinforced concrete structure in construction, which without decorative elements will work to form the structure of the volume, belongs to the direction of Proto-functionalism, which develops along the rationalistic line of development of modern architecture.

Representing the first period in the development of modern architecture, Modernism, and the two trends of Neoclassicism and Rationalism, developing within the architectural style of Modernism. As well as the Protofuturism direction, the considered objects can be monuments of industrial architecture of the period of the First World War and are included in the register of cultural heritage monuments of federal significance.

 

Conclusion:

1. Field and archival studies have revealed objects on the territory of the former city-forming enterprise, which are identification markers of different eras, shape the appearance and aesthetics of a given place and, therefore, may be of interest in case of the inevitable renovation of an industrial area.
2. Among the objects of interest, both from the point of view of the history of the city and the plant, and from the point of view of the history of building structures, are structures of the pre-revolutionary period, which are one of the first examples of monolithic construction in Russia, namely: fragments of an industrial building and a water tower , the main dominant of the city until recently, designed by engineer P.L. Pasternak.
3. The complex of buildings and structures of the plant. Frunze, taking into account the identity, value of objects and location in the city system, can be effectively adapted to modern tasks in the integrated development of industrial territory, as well as, with a modern reading, be attractive for business and city residents. In addition, the city authorities are contributing to the revival of this place.

About the authors

Julia V. Bocharova

Penza State University of Architecture and Construction

Email: iulia1908@mail.ru

Assistant of the Interior Design and Artistic Design Chair, Postgraduate student of the Department of Design of the Architectural Environment

Russian Federation, 440028, Penza, st. German Titov, 28

Maria T. Khryukina

Penza State University architecture and construction

Author for correspondence.
Email: martihov@gmail.com

Senior lecturer of the Department of the Interior Design and Artistic Design Chair

Russian Federation, 440028, Penza, st. German Titov, 28

References

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