Vol 9, No 2 (2019)

The article is devoted to the study of processes in Russian urban planning over the past three decades. This period is marked by the birth and formation of a new city growing out of the Soviet urban environment. The article discusses the three conditional stages of the city after restructuring, exploring their specifi city. The context and features of each of the considered stages are described: 1990s, 2000s. 2010s. The state of the architectural and town planning profession is analyzed, the goals and tasks of which changed in accordance with social transformations. Particular att ention is paid to the typology of constructed objects, the development of the architectural order in the context of a market economy. The innovations at each stage are matched, special events that aff ect professional thinking and design methodology are emphasized. The author explores how the two recognized theoretical models of the city - the collage city and the generic city - were adapted to the post-Soviet reality.

Examples of a number of European countries are being considered in solving the problems of locating migration flows in the functional planning structure of megacities and their zones of influence. Experience in using architectural and town planning technologies for the integration of migrants into the urban environment is reviewed. Filling urban planning with new content affects the pace of social and economic development of the megalopolis and megalopolis, the elimination of regional developmental imbalances, the improvement of living standards and the quality of the urban environment, the improvement of the social climate and demographic situation. At the same time on the agenda are issues of development of medium and small cities located in the zones of influence of the largest megacities. The author reveals the approaches to the formation of a multilevel urbanization model of migration based on the development of European experience, taking into account the realities of Russian megalopolises.

The article is devoted to the search for modern approaches in creating high density buildings due to the inclusion of high-rise buildings in the structure of large cities. The way from the beginning of the construction of the first high-rises in the cities of Europe and up to the present period is analyzed. The study revealed the main errors that were made when placing skyscrapers in European cities, their subsequent negative impact on the att itude to these types of buildings. In addition, the authors propose when locating high-rise buildings, determine their typological and functional structure, the correct ratio and richness of various functional serving elements, the number and density of high-rise buildings in the territory allocated for their construction. It is concluded that only with the observance of these basic principles can a convenient, comfortable, affordable, modern, constantly updated urban environment be created.

The study raises issues related to the use of translucent materials use for support elements. A review of the practice of using such materials in vertical and horizontal support structures has been carried out. The object of the study is buildings and structures constructed using translucent support structures. The subject of the research is the influence of translucent support structures on architectural forming. As a result of the study, a conclusion was made about a number of technologically determined hard restrictions that impose the use of such structures on the architect and at the same time their prospects for a number of typological groups of buildings.

Practical experience in the construction of urban embankments in coastal areas, as well as ways to implement possible projects are considered. The research task is to find a solution to new scenarios of the organic existence of the natural and man-made environment at the border of the city and water. Priority approaches are determined in solving the problem of organizing traffic flows along the coastline of urban areas. The analysis of the foreign experience of the last two decades, which substantiates the ways to comprehensively solve the complex problem of modern development of coastal territories, is carried out. Examples illustrate options for shaping public spaces of embankments and improving the transport situation in an urban environment of coastal zones.

The main objective of the presented scientific research is to identify the patterns of historical continuity of the development of the settlements of Kuban. The object of the study are urban and rural settlements. The subject of research is the functional and aesthetic principles of the formation of the living environment of residential areas of populated areas in the designated period. The choice of the object and subject is due to the current problematic situation for the preservation and development of the historical centers of the Kuban settlements, due to the high degree of urbanization of these centers, which sometimes leads to the absence of functional logical connectivity and accompanying environmental degradation. The main tasks are the systematization and study of historical materials on the architectural organization of settlements, namely the processes of their origin, formation and development in chronological order with reference to modern socio-economic conditions. The fundamental role is played by the study of historical and cultural values of objects of architecture and urban planning and the potential of their possible use in the formation of habitat. Especially important in this case is the definition of town planning, architectural planning and architectural-artistic features of the spatial organization of the living environment. This is a peculiar vector of further development and improvement of this environment, as an integral functional aesthetic system, contributing to the improvement of living standards, as well as economic, social and environmental safety of the population. The research method includes the study of archival documents, scientific literature on the history of the Kuban, the history of architecture and urban planning; field studies and fixation of monuments of historical and cultural heritage of these settlements. The study used a comparative historical method of cognition - a scientific method that reveals, by comparing the general and the particular in the development of settlements of the Kuban in a certain time period, and formal logical research methods - methods of classification, generalization and typology, inductive and deductive research methods, making it possible to identify differences and identify identical in the history of the development of architectural and urban culture of the settlements under consideration. The study made it possible to conclude that the tradition bears, above all, the character of historical continuity - the preservation, dissemination and development of the national culture, education of respect for the architectural and town planning heritage.

The article reveals the significance of the influence climatic factors of Northern Kazakhstan on the functioning centers of social activity of the population, the importance creating a favorable and comfortable architectural environment of urban space. The analysis of the climatic factor of the northern region of Kazakhstan, analysis of the characteristics of a sharply - continental climate and its effect on the physical and psychological state of the population. On the basis of the obtained results, one of the methods forming comfortable centers of social activity of the population by creating a covered architectural environment is determined, which is integrated into the urban structure and provides a favorable internal microclimate.

In modern design, nature dictates the forms, designs, textures, textures, colors, materials of products of modern design solutions. Realizing one of the main goals - the reconstruction of the natural environment in the spatial area of a person, the architect and designer apply the aesthetics of images suggested by nature itself. The article presents the term “natural landscape” identified by the authors from the point of view of the interior space, and highlights the factors identified by the author, through which the interaction between the interior and the natural landscape takes place. Examples of practical solutions confirming this interaction are considered