卷 1, 编号 4 (2019)

The reason for this article was the publication by the publishing house“Yurayt”textbook for universities B.V. Lichman“History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the XIX century”, admitted by the Ministry of education of the Russian Federation as a textbook on the discipline “Domestic history” for students of technical universities. Responding to the appeal of the editor-in-chief of the journal “History and modern worldview” to historians to Express their opinion about history and its interpretations, the author of this article expresses his attitude to the possibility of using multi-conceptuality as a method of studying and teaching history. The article analyzes the methodological issues posed by the authors of the textbook, reveals the features of the use of multi-conceptuality in scientific research and in the teaching of history. The opinion on the main interpretations of historical facts is expressed.

In Russia, religious and anti-religious policies are nothing more than the confrontation between two opposing monoidologys arguing for the place of the only state ideology - Orthodoxy and Marxism. The article shows opposition to world views at the state level. Anti-religious policy of the Soviet state is considered, its main stages are analyzed during the whole period of existence of the Soviet power.

In this article, historical peculiarities of the Russian colonization are analyzed in the light of Toynbee’s conceptual scheme “challenge - response”, the use of which gives an opportunity to reveal both the internal and external factors having stipulated the dynamics and paths of development of the Russian colonization process throughout several ages. On this basis, explanations are given for such characteristic features of the Russian colonization as its unevenness, fragmentariness, regularly renewed character. Also grounds are laid for admitting a critical role of distinctive colonization stages in shaping the Russian civilization. Defining the “challenges” as the crisis situations threatening the existence of the society, the author argues that a long-lasting external “challenge” embodied in the threat from nomadic hordes of the Eurasian steppes, had predetermined for a long time the colonization shift of the Russian population to territories being relatively unfavorable for agrarian development. This circumstance, in turn, had given a birth to the long-lasting internal “challenge” concerned with the lack of resources and low norm of surplus product, and it was a factor which made a colonization practically permanent process for Russia’s history. The given conclusions have a tendency to explain convincingly a transformation of the “challenge” situations as regards the colonization of Russia’s eastern regions; the former now are focused mainly on an opportunity to compensate various sharpened resource needs of the state at the expense of the extensive involvement of new territories into economic turnover. That trend explains both the succession of distinctive colonization “tides” in the development of the Urals and Siberia (trapping, mining, and agrarian ones) and their conjuncture, narrowly functional trend. As it is argued in the article, the consequence of that became uncompleted character of colonization processes in the country’s east - the condition which is kept until now. Meantime, toward the end of imperial period, the chief “challenge” for the Russian government becomes the need to increase the economic output from enormous empty territories acquired by Russia, and it was a consideration giving the impetus to the mass agrarian colonization of the lands beyond the Urals. Such a “response” was, in fact, a transition toward a deeper and more multi-faceted development of the eastern territories, but again mainly by the means of resettlements, i.e. at the expense of manual labor instead of the capital funds. Those circumstances are underlining exceptional importance of colonization in a strategy of the country’s development.

The paper analyses the main socio-political and socio-economic processes that contributed to the manifestation of totalitarian features in the state development of Russia. In the 1920s-40s, these features became basis for formation of the Soviet model of governance, which operated with varying degrees of success in the subsequent stages of Soviet history, until the collapse of the USSR. The paper describes scientific views that try to reflect the essence of totalitarian nature of the Soviet state. It is noted that the totalitarian concept of origin and functioning of the Soviet state was formed in the womb of Western science, and Russian adherents of this theory, despite all existing evaluation differences, generally agree with foreign Sovietologists, considering Stalinism as a kind of totalitarianism with international roots.The paper focuses on the analysis of Russian features that influenced formation of a specific pyramid of power within the framework of political regime created by I.V. Stalin. The paper shows mechanism of interaction of its main elements: charisma, elite, nomenclature and people. The paper also reveals reasons for its high level of strength and survival. The paper concludes about objectivity of the processes that led to formation of the Soviet model of public administration and inevitability of the essential direction of its functioning.

The article considers the current approaches to the social analysis of archaeological sites in Russian and foreign science. The dynamics in changing approaches from the beginning of the 20 century to the beginning of the 21 century has been traced. We should point out a shift in the focus of research from the investigation for general patterns of social development to a comprehensive study of the life of separate communities and even individuals. A great contribution to the development of new approaches was made by modern natural science methods - studies of ancient DNA and isotope analyzes.

The articlecontinuesaseriesofpublicationsonthecausesoftheemergence, developmentandtransformationof Nagaibaks identity from a class of Baptized Tatars to a separate group with ethnic identity. The purpose of this article is to trace the evolution of the economic system of the Nagaibaks in the XX - early XXI century as an ethnic marker of their identity. The methodological basis of the study is based on modern approaches in world Anthropology and Ethnology, explaining ethnic phenomena as changeable and plastic structures, arising and changing under the influence of external (political, economic, etc.) factors. The Genesis of new identities can happen very quickly by historical standards. The reason for this may be the external impact of political, administrative or economicimpact. Ethnic identity is a thing so plastic that it can change fundamentally, but at the same time preserving the complex features of traditional culture and language. Ethnic identity can be preserved and even actualized at certain moments, despite the loss of cultural archetypes of the past and the change of linguistic identity. The emergence and transformation of new identities is observed in many regions of Russia and neighboring countries. The study of the mechanisms of emergence and vectors of development of local identities allows us to consider the overall picture of the formation of identically political, the actualization of which is observed, in particular, in the post-Soviet area. The discussion of the Nagaibaks issue in the framework of public, political and academic discourses contributed to and advanced our understanding of the multiethnic nature of the Russian nation, the laws and prospects of its development. The article is intended for historians, anthropologists, ethnologists, politicians and all those who are connected with the process of formation of modern civil society in Russia. The published materials are intended to assist representatives of the academic community, statesmen, teachers, local historians, etc. in understanding the patterns and relationships in the development of ethnic and political identity phenomena.

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern historical literature on the problem of party-state nomenclature of the Ural of the 1920s-1930s. The work shows the main directions of research established during the period under review, which consider various aspects of the functioning and activity of the regional nomenclature. Within the first direction of research historians were interested in the problem of functioning of the Soviet political system at the regional level, issues of personnel policy carried out by the central leadership of the country with regard to Ural leaders party cleansing of the 1920s-1930s as an element of personnel policy to regulate the composition of nomenclature, reasons for political repression of 1937-1938 and their consequences for the regional system of power.The second direction of research closely related to the first was the study of the social portrait of the party-state nomenclature of the Ural period of NEP and early Stalinism. Within the framework of this direction, the researchers systematized information of a reference and biographical nature about party leaders of the Ural in handbooks, as well as carried out specific-historical work on the social characteristics of the regional party-state nomenclature, the evolution of its social portrait during the period under review.The third area of research focused on such aspects of the political daily life of nomenclature as conflicts, formal and informal (cartridge-client) relations among decision-makers, discursive and corrupt practices, abuses of power, and cult practices.The article thus presents the key findings and conclusions of the authors regarding the topics they have studied. It is concluded that not all researchers have been able to reach consensus, the need for further research into the regional system of power of the period under review and the party-state nomenclature, as its integral element, with the involvement of new archival sources and their interpretation on the basis of a new conceptual understanding, is mentioned.

The article presents new information about the scientific heritage of the Permian geochemist N.K. Chudinov. This information is given in view of the latest news about the discovery of ancient living microbes in salt crystals and permafrost. The story is laid out about the discovery of geobiogenesis phenomenon and the overthrow of the anabiosis of microbes in the potassium salts of the Upper Kama River field. These discoveries gave rise to a new era in modern natural science. Ideas about the triad logic of the evolution of matter in nature have been opened. A new base of the modern worldview has been formed. This is important for breakthrough in the Earth Science, medicine, highly effective economic nature-like technologies now.