Том 3, № 2 (2021)

One of the most popular topics in the framework of historical and anthropological trends in the history of the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times is the study of marriage and family structures. The purpose of this article is to determine the main objects of scientists’ interest in the study of marriage and family on the example of the separate matter - history of the ruling elite of the first half of the XVI century. As a result of the analysis of publications of the modern German and French historians the following groups of research were identified - matrimonial policy, dynasty as a mode of the ruling family existence, role of the woman in marriage and family, the birth of issue, status of widows, and finally - deviations related to marriage and family field (unsuccessful marriages and family drama, cases of domestic violence).

The article examines one of the most important internal aspects of the political life of the United States - political lobbying within the acute and urgent problem of civilian weapons. The purpose of this study is to consider and review the institution of political lobbying at the present stage: its role in the American political field, the mechanisms of its work. The following aspects of lobbying activities will be considered: the concepts of interest groups and lobbyists and their fundamental difference, the formation of the Institute of Political Lobbying within the Association, the PAC and SuperPAC organizations, the typology of lobbying actors and the place of the Association in it, party engagement and support for ideas about free civilian weapons from the Republican party. In the study, the authors come to the conclusions that as a multi-disciplinary and highly specialized player in the lobbying field, the National Rifle Association has been one of the most influential lobbying actors in the United States for two decades; introduced a new concept «prophet mediator» to designate a unique position in which the organization's lobbying activities are carried out and the factor of the uniqueness of the phenomenon of lobbying of the Association in the form of combining the strengths of various lobbying groups represented in the American political field is derived and determined. This study is the starting point for further study of the influence of the arms-lobbying factor on the current domestic political agenda in the United States.

In the 1990s, the European Communities entered a new phase of development. The UK took an active part in the integration changes. Under Prime Minister J. Major (1990-1997) The United Kingdom signed the Maastricht Treaty and became a full member of the European Union, which had emerged on the basis of the former supranational structures. The attitude of British society and political circles to the «European question» was ambiguous despite Britain’s membership of the EU. The country divided into supporters and opponents (otherwise known as «Euro-optimists» and «Euro-sceptics» respectively) of the UK's participation in the integration. M. Thatcher, the predecessor of J. Major as head of the British government, had a preference for the United States in terms of international partnership and expressed doubts about the issue of rapprochement between the UK and the EU. However, J. Major’s foreign policy activity was directed towards the European Union. The idea of the article is to test the hypothesis that J. Major was neither a Euroskeptic nor a Eurooptimist, but he balanced between them, trying to integrate the United Kingdom into the union on British terms. In the present article the debates of the House of Commons of Great Britain, J. Major’s speeches and interviews, M. Thatcher’s memoirs and other materials are used. It has been concluded that, J. Major took a position between Eurosceptics and Eurooptimists regarding British participation in the European Union. The politician was forced to act in order to preserve the integrity of the Conservative Party, since the «European question» was the cause of the internal party split, and at the same time maintain the country's influence in regional politics. In the early 1990s, the solution to this problem was the UK's entry into the EU with respect for British interests as well as on British terms.

This article is devote to the possibilities of applying the concept of international society to the analysis individual problems in International relations and Foreign policy of the modern Great Britain. The English school of international relations recognized by modern science as a vivid example of a kind of autonomous theoretical approach to international politics. The ideas of the school began to develop in the middle of the last century, acquired the character of a scientific concept by the end of the 1970s. and today they have been developing for three generations of researchers. The concept of international society was a base for the analysis of the largest international institutions carried out by H. Bull during the work of the British Committee for the Study of International Politics. H. Bull considered diplomacy, the balance of power, the management of international relations through the interaction of great powers, international law and war to be among the fundamental institutions that ensure the functioning of international society. Subsequently, the development of this thematic line by representatives of the English school made it possible to talk about the formation of the British version of the institutional study of international politics. This theoretical approach can be apply to the study of a number of problems of modern international relations, including in relation to the problems of studying modern British foreign policy. Demonstration of these possibilities of the concept of international society is the purpose of the article. Most of the supporters of the English School noted the erosion and transformation of the institutions of international society in the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries. The balance of power lost its importance by the middle of the twentieth century as a central international institution in the opinion of modern representatives of the school. The development of international law characterized by contradictory trends. The inclusion of war among the institutions of international society raise questions among supporters of the concept. Diplomacy has undergone significant modernization. The consequence of all these processes is the growth of great power principles in modern international politics, which well demonstrated by the idea of «global Britain», as well as the country's exit from the European Union. Thus, the concept of international society once again proves its relevance and political relevance. The English School of International Relations retains its heuristic potential and remains open to dialogue with the theory of international regimes in the United States.

The article examines the formation and development of American and European studies within the framework of the Tomsk school of international affairs, created in the early 1960s. Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor S.S. Grigortsevich. It is based on the objectivity of assessing the events and phenomena in international relations, taking into account the positions and interests of all parties on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of available sources, overcoming ideological blindness and opportunism. The role of the Americanists S. S. Grigortsevich, M. Ya. Pelipas, the scholar of British Studeis B. S. Zhigalov, historian-Germanist, N. S. Cherkasov in the development of Siberian scientific school was featured. The main directions in American and European studies are highlighted, which are developing at the Department of Modern, Contemporary History and International Relations - American Studies, German Studies, English Studies, the study of the youth movement and youth policy in developed European countries, European integration. The importance of the scientific school for training young scientists and solving large research problems is emphasized.

The article analyzes the scientific and organizational activities of one of the largest historians of the modern Ural region - Professor B.V. Lichman. The authors trace the conditions in which the work of this historian began, how and in what conditions the personality of this researcher was formed, how the community of his followers and scientific supporters was formed.

The article by Ural scientists is devoted to one of the largest Ural chemists, who made a great contribution to the creation of the Physics and Technology Faculty of the famous Ural Polytechnic Institute. Being a prominent scientist and organizer of science, A.K. Sharova played a significant role in the formation of academic science in the Urals, stood at the origins of the oldest of the institutes - the Chemical Institute of the Ural branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Her fundamental works on the chemistry of rare and trace elements and the technologies developed became the basis of the Ural scientific school in the chemistry of rare elements, and also contributed to the creation of a scientific school of physical chemistry in the region.

The article examines, in a regional aspect, the history of the emergence of a green worldview and the transformation of the domestic forestry paradigm, as the most important tool for mobilizing the country's natural productive forces, for socially significant transformations. It shows how the status of forests has changed in the geopolitical and economic doctrine of the country, its natural resource complex over the past three centuries. On the example of studying the activities and heritage of the outstanding Ural forester G.K. Sharov (1871-1943) and rare archive materials, the now little-studied history of afforestation in the forest-steppe territories of the Orenburg Cossack army is restored, its role in the landscaping of Sverdlovsk is also shown, the status is studied foresters in the pre- and post-revolutionary period, their position in periods of sharp social changes and contribution to the formation of an ecological worldview, the creation of recreational preserves.