HIV infection, secondary conditions and comorbidities. Part 1: Epidemiology and the basis of the problem

Cover Page


Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

An analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic’s trajectory with priority-setting taking into account HIV-associated comorbidities for each time period was performed. A classification of comorbid diseases and conditions in HIV infection by cause and setting of their occurrence is presented. Opportunistic infections and secondary diseases that remain some of the leading causes of severe complications and mortality are characterized. The difficulty of the development of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome against the background of late diagnosis of HIV infection and initiation of antiretroviral therapy is highlighted.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

Nikolay A. Belyakov

Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University; Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine

Author for correspondence.
Email: ras-doc@mail.ru

MD, PhD, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Socially Significant Infections; Head of the North-Western District AIDS Prevention and Control Center; Head of the Department of Socially Significant Infections

Russian Federation, 6/8, Lva Tolstogo street, St. Petersburg, 197089; 14, Mira street, Saint Petersburg, 197101; 12, Academic Pavlov street, Saint-Petersburg, 197376

Vadim V. Rassokhin

Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University; Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine

Email: ras-doc@mail.ru

MD, PhD, Professor of the Department of Socially Significant Infections; Leading research associate; Head of the Laboratory of Chronic Viral Infections, Department of Ecological Physiology

Russian Federation, 6/8, Lva Tolstogo street, St. Petersburg, 197089; 14, Mira street, Saint Petersburg, 197101; 12, Academic Pavlov street, Saint-Petersburg, 197376

Elena V. Stepanova

Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University; Saint Petersburg Centre for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases

Email: boeva@gmail.com

Professor, Department of Socially Significant Infections; MD, PhD, Deputy Chief Medical Officer

Russian Federation, 6/8, Lva Tolstogo street, St. Petersburg, 197089; 179a, Obvodny Canal Embankment, St. Petersburg, 190103

Olga N. Leonova

Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University; Saint Petersburg Centre for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases

Email: boeva@gmail.com

MD, PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Socially Significant Infections; Head of the Saint Petersburg Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases

Russian Federation, 6/8, Lva Tolstogo street, St. Petersburg, 197089; 179a, Obvodny Canal Embankment, St. Petersburg, 190103

Ekaterina V. Boeva

Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University; Saint Petersburg Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology

Email: boeva@gmail.com

Assistant of the Department of socially significant infections; Head of the Department of Chronic Viral Infection

Russian Federation, 6/8, Lva Tolstogo street, St. Petersburg, 197089; 14, Mira street, Saint Petersburg, 197101

References

  1. Nurgazizova AK. The origin, development and current concepts of “Comorbidity” and “Polymorbidity”. Kazan Med Zh. 2014;95(2):292-296. (In Russ.)
  2. Belyakov NA, Rassokhin VV, Trofimova TN, et al. Advanced and comorbid HIV cases in Russia. HIV infection and immunosuppressions. 2016;8(3):9-25. (In Russ.)
  3. Brañas F, Azcoaga A, García Ontiveros M, Antela A. Cronicidad, envejecimiento y multimorbilidad. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2018;36:15-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0213-005x(18)30241-6.
  4. Poizot-Martin I, Obry-Roguet V, Zaegel-Faucher O, et al. HIV infection and care pathway: From guidelines to clinical practice. Med Mal Infect. 2019;49(1):23-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2018.07.005.
  5. Duffau P, Ozanne A, Bonnet F, et al. Multimorbidity, age-related comorbidities and mortality: association of activation, senescence and inflammation markers in HIV adults. AIDS. 2018;32(12):1651-1660. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001875.
  6. Borodulina EA, Tsygankov IL, Borodulin BE, et al. Drug addiction, HIV-infection, tuberculosis, features of multi-comirbidity in modern conditions. Bulletin of contemporary clinical medicine. 2014;7(4):18-21. (In Russ.)
  7. Onischenko GG. HIV infection: a challenge to humanity. HIV infection and immunosuppressions. 2009;1(1):5-9. (In Russ.)
  8. Belyakov NA. VICh-infektsiya. Saint-Petersburg; 2011. 656 p. (In Russ.)
  9. Nikitin VV, Tabakov VA. Forecast of morbidity rate with HIV infection and drug addiction at the regional level based on econometric analysis. Medical Almanac. 2017;1(46):118-122. (In Russ.)
  10. Tursunov RA. Coinfection with HIV and parenteral viral hepatitis in drug addicts. Avicenna Bulletin. 2012;(2):182-189. (In Russ.)
  11. Golubovskaya OA, Procyuk RG, Marchelko AF, et al. Coinfection of tuberculosis, HIV infection and viral hepatitis B and C in the world and in Ukraine. Сlinical infectology and parasitology. 2015;(1):63-78. (In Russ.)
  12. Babaeva IY, Avdeeva MG, Gedymi LE, et al. Morphological changes in the liver in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV infection on a background of chronic hepatitis “C”. Epidemiology and infectious diseases. 2013;(6):4-8. (In Russ.)
  13. Dvorak SI, Kryga LN, Vinogradova TN, et al. Medicosocial features of “aging” HIV epidemic in Saint Petersburg. HIV infection and immunosuppression. 2013;5(4):82-89. (In Russ.)
  14. Ilyuk RD, Krupitskiyy EM, Shishkova AM. Programma kompleksnoy terapii komorbidnykh psikhopatologicheskikh i povedencheskikh rasstroystv u VICh-infitsirovannykh narkozavisimykh bol’nykh. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii. Saint Petersburg: NIIPNI im. V.M. Bechtereva; 2012. 43 p. (In Russ.)
  15. Khritinin DF, Novikov VV. Factors influencing treatment adherence in patients with HIV-related mental disorders. Siberian gerald of psychiatry and addiction psychiatry. 2015;(4):67-71. (In Russ.)
  16. Khalezova NB, Neznanov NG, Belyakov NA. HIV infection and mental disorders: modern view of the problem. Med Akad Z. 2014;14(3):14-32. (In Russ.)
  17. Bulekov IS, Samarina AV. Specificities of care provision to HIV-infected pregnant drug-abusing women. HIV infection and immunosuppressions. 2012;4(1):31-41. (In Russ.)
  18. Rassokhin VV, Buzunova SA, Vrackikh TV, et al. The problem of senescence and debilitation of HIV patients. HIV infection and immunosuppressions. 2015;7(1):7-15. (In Russ.)
  19. Bobkova MR. Lekarstvennaya ustoychivost’ VICh. Moscow: Chelovek; 2014. 288 p.
  20. Fellows RP, Byrd DA, Morgello S. Effects of information processing speed on learning, memory, and executive functioning in people living with HIV/AIDS. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2014;36(8):806-817. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.943696.
  21. Khademi F, Yousefi-Avarvand A, Sahebkar A, et al. Bacterial Co-infections in HIV/AIDS-positive Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2018;60(3):339-350. https://doi.org/10.2478/folmed-2018-0007.
  22. Rawre J, Rai M, Namdeo D, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 and cytomegalovirus perigenital ulcer in an HIV infected woman. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2018;36(3):441-443. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_18_203.
  23. Lawrence DS, Boyer-Chammard T, Jarvis JN. Emerging concepts in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2019;32(1):16-23. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000514.
  24. Stepanova EV. Gerpesvirusnye zabolevaniya i VICh-infektsiya. Saint Petersburg; 2009. 60 p. (In Russ.)
  25. HIV 2015/2016. Ed. by Hoffman C., J.K. Rockstroh. 2015. 755 p.
  26. Rassokhin VV, Belyakov NA, Rozental VV, et al. Secondary and somatic diseases in HIV patients. HIV infection and immunosuppressions. 2014;6(1):7-18. (In Russ.)
  27. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
  28. Llibre JM, Revollo B, Vanegas S, et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected patients in the late-HAART era in developed countries. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013;45(8):635-644. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2013.777778.
  29. Bowen LN, Smith B, Reich D, et al. HIV-associated opportunistic CNS infections: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12(11):662-674. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2016.149.
  30. Patel N, Patel N, Khan T, et al. HIV infection and clinical spectrum of associated vasculitides. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2011;13(6):506-512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-011-0214-6.
  31. Berger JR, Aksamit AJ, Clifford DB, et al. PML diagnostic criteria: consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section. Neurology. 2013;80(15):1430-1438. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828c2fa1.
  32. Zinserling VA. CNS lesions upon HIV infection. HIV infection and immunosuppressions. 2014;6(1):40-45. (In Russ.)
  33. Vаsilyevа IA, Belilovsky EM, Borisov SE, et al. Tuberculosis with Concurrent Hiv Infection in the Russian Federation and the World. Tuberculosis and lung diseases. 2017;95(6):8-18. https://doi.org/10.21292/2075-1230-2017-95-9-8-18.
  34. Borodulin BE, Borodulina EA, Vdoushkina ES, Matkina TN. HIV infection and tuberculosis comorbidity: what is the cause of death? Pulmonology. 2015;25(4):461-464. (In Russ.)
  35. Rachmanova AG, Yakovlev AA, Komarova DV, et al. Characteristics of lethal case among HIV-infected patients. HIV infection and immunosuppressions. 2012;4(2):120-124. (In Russ.)
  36. Boeva EV, Belyakov NA. Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in Hiv Infection. Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity. 2018;8(2):139-149. https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-2018-2-139-149.
  37. Sharma SK, Soneja M. HIV & immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Indian J Med Res. 2011;134(6):866-877. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.92632.
  38. Simbirtsev AS. Immunopathogenesis of and Prospects for Immunomodulatory Therapy for Hiv Infection. Part 1. The General Aspects of Immunology and Hiv. HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders. 2017;9(1):22-35. https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2017-9-1-22-35.
  39. Markelov YM, Pahomova EV, Rozhkova II. Distribution and Mortality Patterns in Patients Co-Infected with Hiv and Tb in Karelia. HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders. 2016;8(3):65-73. https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2016-8-3-65-73.
  40. Phillips P, Bonner S, Gataric N, et al. Nontuberculous mycobacterial immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV-infected patients: spectrum of disease and long-term follow-up. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(10):1483-1497. https://doi.org/10.1086/497269.
  41. McCombe JA, Auer RN, Maingat FG, et al. Neurologic immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV/AIDS: outcome and epidemiology. Neurology. 2009;72(9):835-841. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000343854.80344.69.
  42. Gopal R, Rapaka RR, Kolls JK. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with pulmonary pathogens. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(143). https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0042-2016.
  43. Jaffe HW, De Stavola BL, Carpenter LM, et al. Immune reconstitution and risk of Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV-infected adults. AIDS. 2011;25(11):1395-1403. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283489c8b.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download
2. Fig. 1. HIV-associated comorbid diseases and conditions. IDU — injection drug usage; HIV — human immunodeficiency virus; DM — diabetes mellitus; AIDs — autoimmune diseases

Download (94KB)
Indexing metadata
3. Fig. 2. Pathogenesis of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. ART — antiretroviral therapy, HIV — human immunodeficiency virus, IL — interleukin, IFN — interferon, RNA — ribonucleic acid, TNF — tumor necrosis factor

Download (48KB)
Indexing metadata

Copyright (c) 2018 Belyakov N.A., Rassokhin V.V., Stepanova E.V., Leonova O.N., Boeva E.V.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 74760 от 29.12.2018 г.


This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies