Microbiological diversity, formation, ecological role and research methods of the pig gut microbiota: a review



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Abstract

В работе представлены данные исследований кишечной микробиоты свиней, играющей ключевую роль в поддержании здоровья и физиологии животных.

Целью данного обзора является обобщение экспериментальных данных, полученных разными группами исследователей о влиянии таких параметров как возраст, тип диеты и использование антибиотиков на состав и функциональную активность кишечной микробиоты свиней и их вклад в распространение генов антибиотикорезистентности (АРГ) в условиях животноводства. Особое внимание уделено формированию и динамике состава микробиоты поросят в неонатальном периоде. Рассмотрено влияние различных типов диеты на состав и функциональную активность кишечной микробиоты свиней, в том числе на экспрессию генов гликозидгидролаз и гликозилтрансфераз и возможности модулирования состава микробиоты посредством диеты, что может минимизировать последствия стресса при отъеме и повысить продуктивность животных. Особое внимание уделено роли кишечной микробиоты в метаболизме аминокислот, витаминов, липидов и желчных кислот, а также функциональной метагеномике микробного сообщества, позволяющей выявлять гены, связанные с адаптацией к различным типам рациона и патологическим состояниям.

This review presents data on studies of the intestinal microbiota of pigs, which plays a key role in the maintenance of animal health and physiology. The aim of this review is to describe the effects of age, diet and antibiotics on the composition and functional activity of the intestinal microbiota of pigs and the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) under livestock production conditions. This review summarises research data on the composition of the intestinal microbiota of pigs, with special attention paid to the formation and dynamics of the composition of the microbiota of piglets in the neonatal period. The influence of different types of diet on the composition and functional activity of the intestinal microbiota of pigs, including the expression of glycosidohydrolase and glycosyltransferase genes and the possibility of modulating the composition of the microbiota through diet, which can minimise the effects of stress at weaning and increase animal performance. Particular attention is given to the role of the gut microbiota in the metabolism of amino acids, vitamins, lipids and bile acids, and to the functional metagenomics of the microbial community, allowing the identification of genes associated with adaptation to different diet types and pathological conditions. The review also discusses the role of pigs in the spread of ARGs, including using metagenomic and metatranscriptomic profiling, as well as the risks associated with their introduction into the environment and the potential impact on animal and human health.

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About the authors

Darya A Sedova

Don State Technical University;
Southern Federal University

Author for correspondence.
Email: dased0va@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1194-7251
SPIN-code: 6197-7220

Researcher of " MedCifra" Research Laboratory Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine DSTU

Postgraduate student of the Department of Ecology and Environmental Management, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology SFU

Russian Federation, 1 Gagarin Square, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344000; 105/42 B. Sadovaya st., Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344006

Sergey N Golovin

Don State Technical University

Email: labbiobez@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1929-6345
SPIN-code: 5345-4005

Researcher of " MedCifra" Research Laboratory Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine DSTU

Russian Federation, 1 Gagarin Square, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344000

Sergey K Shebeko

Don State Technical University

Email: shebeko_sk@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9350-7588
SPIN-code: 7913-5266

Cand. Sci. (Pharmacology), Professor, Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine DSTU 

Russian Federation, 1 Gagarin Square, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344000

Aleksey M Ermakov

Don State Technical University

Email: labbiobez@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9834-3989
SPIN-code: 5358-3424

Cand. Sci. (Biology), Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine DSTU 

Russian Federation, 1 Gagarin Square, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344000

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