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Vol 20, No 1 (2022)

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Genetic basis of ecosystems evolution

Analysis of the genetic diversity of Ayrshire cattle in Russia (part 1)

Pozovnikova M.V., Tulinova O.V., Sermyagin A.A., Shcherbakov Y.S., Romanova E.A., Dysin A.P., Mitrofanova O.V.

Abstract

AIM: Evaluation of the features of the genomic architecture of Ayrshire cattle in Russia in comparison with other dairy populations of Bos taurus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using bioinformatic analysis of 42628 SNP markers obtained during genotyping using the BovineSNP50_v3 BeadChip medium density microarray, the features of the genomic architecture of five Bos taurus populations of different breeds were revealed.

RESULTS: The domestic population of Ayrshire cattle was characterized by the lowest heterozygosity (Ho = 0.335, He = 0.339) and insignificant inbreeding (Fis = 0.010) MDS analysis. At the same time, domestic breeding animals formed a separate group within a single cluster of Ayrshirs.

CONCLUSION: The Russian population of Ayrshire cattle is distinguished by a unique genome architecture, while retaining the genetic variants of the Finnish Ayrshire cattle and minor traces of Holstein gene pool.

Ecological genetics. 2022;20(1):5-12
pages 5-12 views

Genetic mechanisms underlying the expansion of soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. cultivation to the north

Fedorina J.V., Khlestkina E.K., Seferova I.V., Vishnyakova M.A.

Abstract

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is produced in 93 countries of the world on 120.5 million hectares. The production area of the crop is located between 56°N. (Russian Federation) and 35-37°S (Argentina). In the gene pool of the crop, there is a wide variety of genotypes of different maturity groups, which every has a relatively narrow latitudinal adaptability, which depends on heat and moisture supply and the duration of photoperiod. An urgent problem of our time is the creation of early maturated varieties which allow to expand soybean cultivation to the north. In soybean 12 major loci (E1–E11 and J) have been identified, which control the flowering initiation and the response to the photoperiod. The time of maturation, photothermal response and, ultimately, the adaptation of the crop to different latitudes also depend on various allelic combinations and the interaction of these loci. All these loci have been mapped, and for some of them genes have been identified, their allelic diversity has been characterized and the mechanisms of their functioning and interaction have been described. But the molecular-genetic nature of the early maturity of soybean has not yet been revealed in detail. This review presents the current understanding of the structure and nature of the interaction of molecular genetic determinants of early maturity of soybean, which regulate the timing of its flowering and maturation at different photoperiods and their influence on other plant traits, including the type of growth and productivity. As a result, an idea of the optimal genotype for northern latitudes was proposed, with a combination of alleles providing the earliest flowering and maturation in relatively northern regions with a long day.

Ecological genetics. 2022;20(1):13-30
pages 13-30 views

Analysis of the accumulation of homozygosity regions in chickens of the Pushkin breed using data from whole genome genotyping

Dementieva N.V., Shcherbakov Y.S., Mitrofanova O.V., Vakhrameev A.B., Khlestkin V.K.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The search for genetic factors influencing the formation of the productive qualities of new breeding forms and populations of chickens is an important direction in the study of animal genomes. The knowledge gained can be in demand in projects to create modern domestic highly productive poultry lines.

AIM: To conduct a comparative analysis of the localization of homozygous regions on chicken chromosomes in representatives of four breeds from the Genetic Collection of Rare and Endangered Breeds of Chickens to identify “traces of selection” and search for genes associated with productive traits.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on the bioinformatic analysis of 42275 SNP markers identified using the Illumina Chicken 60K SNP iSelect BeadChip microchip, data were obtained on the distribution of homozygous regions of four populations of chickens at the Genetic Collection of Rare and Endangered Breeds of Chickens (VNIIGRZH, St. Petersburg): Pushkinskaya (n = 20), Cornish (n = 22), Black-and-White Australorp (n = 20), Russian White (n = 23).

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In chickens of the Pushkin breed, the observed heterozygosity was 0.372 ± 0.004, which is higher than in other populations. According to the inbreeding index, based on the analysis of homozygous regions, the maximum level was found in Cornish chickens. For the Pushkin breed, the accumulation of homozygous regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 8 was noted. The genes annotated in these loci are evidence of intensive selection.

Ecological genetics. 2022;20(1):31-39
pages 31-39 views

Human ecological genetics

Analysis of mutation frequencies of the BRCA1 5382insC and BRCA2 6174delT genes in the population of Ufa city

Tselousova O.S., Ovsyannikova L.B., Stepanov E.G.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is an acute problem of assessing the real genetic danger and the impact of environmental pollution on human health. One of the cities that is affected by the whole complex of anthropogenic mutagenic factors is Ufa (Republic of Bashkortostan).

AIM: The aim of the study was to analyze the frequency of pathogenic mutations in the BRCA1 5382insC and BRCA2 6174delT genes in healthy residents of an industrial city.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mutations were determined by real-time PCR using the TaqMan probe technology on the Bio-Rad CFX96 device (Bio-Rad, USA) in accordance with protocol in 379 DNA samples of healthy residents of average age (18.32 ± 0.45 years).

RESULTS: The total mutations frequency in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes reached 4.22% (n = 16). The highest frequency of mutant alleles in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes of 6.18% (n = 11) was present in residents of the 1 observation area, where petrochemical production enterprises are concentrated. The mutant homozygous genotype of the BRCA2 gene was detected in 3.37% of cases only among residents of the 1 observation area (n = 6, p = 0.0002). The risk of formation of mutations in the BRCA2 gene is 6 times higher in residents of the 1 observation area (χ2 = 7.75; df 1; p = 0.006; OR 6.31; 95% CI 1.44–27.67).

CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of the BRCA family genes varies depending on the studied region, the degree of environmental pollution and the studied group.

Ecological genetics. 2022;20(1):41-47
pages 41-47 views

Methodology in ecological genetics

Heterologous synthesis of N and M fragments of capsid protein VP2 of avian infectious bursal disease virus in yeast Pichia pastoris

Rumyantsev A.M., Tsygankov M.A., Veretennikov V.V., Sambuk E.V., Padkina M.V.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Infectious bursal disease is one of the most common and economically important viral diseases of birds. Vaccination is currently the most effective way to control IBD. Subunit vaccines contain only the immunogenic protein of the pathogen or its fragments, but do not contain other proteins, lipopolysaccharides, toxins, which avoids vaccination side effects.

AIM: The aim of the work was to obtain yeast Pichia pastoris strains that synthesize and secrete the fragments of major coat protein VP2 of the infectious bursal disease virus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The DNA sequences encoding the N and M fragments of VP2 protein, were cloned under the control of the AOX1 gene promoter and integrated into the genome of P. pastoris strains X-33 (mut+) and GS115 (his4).

RESULTS: The analysis of proteins secreted by the obtained strains revealed the presence of additional proteins with a molecular weights corresponding to the target proteins.

CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the obtained strains of P. pastoris – producers of N and M fragments of VP2 protein can be used for antigen production to create a subunit vaccine against avian IBD.

Ecological genetics. 2022;20(1):49-59
pages 49-59 views

Interdisciplinary approaches in plant breeding and genetics: on the anniversary of Academician N.A. Kolchanov

Khlestkina E.K., Khlestkin V.K.

Abstract

Nikolai Alexandrovich Kolchanov is known primarily as the founder of Russian bioinformatics and systems computer biology, a recognized world-class specialist in this field. Distinctive features of the strategy chosen by Academician Kolchanov in relation to fundamental and practical tasks are a comprehensive view of the problem and the ability to form an interdisciplinary team to solve it. A brief review is devoted to a systematic practice-oriented approach in the field of genetics, genomics, bioinformatics and plant breeding, which have been given special attention in the work of N.A. Kolchanov in recent years. The relationship of this activity with the approval of significant legal acts in the field of genetics is reflected. Analytics in the publication activity of the teams involved in this activity are given, reflecting the time of active development of new trends and the multidisciplinary nature of research.

Ecological genetics. 2022;20(1):61-68
pages 61-68 views


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