Vol 26, No 3 (2024)

Help and treatment of children and adolescents with diabetes is an important part of the health care system. A socially oriented state is obliged to provide this category of patients with the development and application of the latest methods in the field of preventive diabetology and medical demography, and is obliged to form and educate the correct behavior of children and adolescents, which must be implemented in the family, school, and educational organizations. Of great importance is the use of standards/algorithms for specialized medical care for patients with diabetes, educational programs designed not only to provide knowledge about the disease, but also to teach patients the skills of self-monitoring of the disease, the principles of independent decision-making on treatment and prevention. The article outlines the modern principles of organizing work in “Health Schools” and “Schools of Diabetes Mellitus”, educational programs used by medical workers, and the achieved results of activities in the field of preventing exacerbations of diabetes mellitus in parallel mode both in Russia and Belarus.

The article presents in chronological order the steps in the development of telemedicine technologies in Russia and abroad, starting from the use of the telephone for consultations at the end of the 19th century to the digital transformation of healthcare in the world, including our country. The main directions, tasks, and risks of digitalization are shown. The steps of digitalization of medicine in Moscow are described separately.

Edwards syndrome (trisomy on chromosome 18) is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of the eighteenth chromosome in humans. It is the second most common chromosomal disorder after Down syndrome. The frequency of Edwards syndrome among newborns is 1:5000–1:7000. The ratio of boys to girls is 1:3. The karyotype of sick girls and boys is 47, XX+18, 47, XY+18, and 47, XY+18, respectively.

Patients are born with low birth weight (about 2 kg), they have delayed growth and development, mental retardation, wide fontanels at birth and open cranial sutures, the thorax is wider and shorter than normal, the mandible and mouth opening are small. The eye slits are narrow and short, the auditory orifices are deformed and sometimes absent. There are defects of the heart and large vessels, hypoplasia of the cerebellum and corpus callosum. 5–10% survive to the age of one year, all survivors are profound oligophrenics [1–4].

Premenstrual syndrome is observed in 20–80% of women of reproductive age and manifests itself in four clinical forms (neuropsychic, cephalgic, edematous, crisis). The article discusses the main risk factors for its occurrence in nurses, recommendations for treatment and prevention.

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an unprecedented challenge to society. Supporting the mental health of medical personnel was a critical public health concern. Throughout the pandemic, many tragic deaths from suicide were reported. Consequently, attention to the well-being of healthcare professionals worldwide has become imperative for proper support and monitoring. The specificity of professional activity, which involves risk and situations of uncertainty, contributes to the formation of special forms of protective coping behavior in health care professionals. Nurses approach the problem situation rationally, strive to maintain control over their actions and the situation, and keep their attention on the goals of the activity. They consider the problem as a situation for personal growth, analyze the problem situation and make conscious attempts to get out of it.

Currently, in the leading countries of the world there is a question of a significant increase in diseases associated with circulatory system disorders, but this issue should be considered together with another pathology – atherosclerosis. Analysis of modern scientific literature has shown that at the moment there is no single theory of the origin of atherosclerosis, because this disease can be caused by various factors, both endo- and exogenous. Currently, most scientists and doctors agree that atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease, in the development of which there are complex, often long-term violations of immunologic, molecular-genetic, biochemical reactions. Many significant structural units are involved in the process of atherogenesis: the vascular wall, local disturbance of blood flow, and blood forming elements. Opinions on the etiology of atherosclerosis vary. However, most authors tend to consider dyslipidemia as the leading mechanism of atherosclerosis development; at the same time, we should not forget other possible causes of its formation.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is characterized by a large number of clinical manifestations, including asymptomatic and extraesophageal manifestations, so the interest in this nosology of doctors of various specialties is huge. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is considered by modern gastroenterologists as one of the most urgent problems of diseases of the digestive tract. The prevalence of GERD in Western Europe is 10–20%, in Russia – 22,7%, and in Moscow – 23,6% [1]. Studies show that the incidence of this pathology is steadily increasing (annual increase of about 5%). The importance of gastroesophageal reflux disease is determined by its clinical significance, in particular, the possibility of the existence of so-called extraesophageal manifestations, as well as the lack of effectiveness of existing methods of treatment. All this causes close attention of gastroenterologists to the study of pathophysiological and clinical problems of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Palliative medicine, aimed at ensuring the quality of life of patients with severe and incurable diseases, is becoming increasingly important in medical practice. In this article, we consider the current state and prospects for the development of palliative medicine in the city of Krasnoyarsk. The study showed that the number of patients in need of palliative care is increasing, mainly people older than working age with diseases of the cardiovascular system and oncological diseases. Approaches to anesthesia, prevention and treatment of pressure sores in hospice patients are described. The problems include a lack of qualified personnel and violations of the socio-psychological status of medical personnel, limited access to palliative medicine for remote areas of the region.

Forensic medicine plays a key role in the international legal system, providing scientifically based evidence for the resolution of court cases. The importance of this discipline extends beyond national borders, requiring specialists to continually exchange experience, knowledge, and innovative technologies [1]. Intermediate medical staff, including nurses, laboratory technicians, and technologists, play a vital role in maintaining the high quality of research and expertise. In light of globalization and international crimes, forensic medicine faces the need for unified standardization of methods and procedures, which is possible only on the basis of enhanced international cooperation.